University of California diet test Free Essays

University of California conducted an experimental diet test on three-day-old chicks to determine the % of iron consumed and excreted. The diet low in protein (5. 4%, 8. We will write a custom essay sample on University of California diet test or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5% or 10. 8%) or tryptophan (0. 12%) with adequate iron caused a certain percentage of reduction in growth and also resulted in anemia with the deficiency of protein or trypotophan whereas diet low in glycine (0. 33%) with adequate iron indicated reduction in growth and did not cause anemia. Malnutrition is a combination of medical and social disorder that is affecting one in every three persons resulting in chronic diseases and illnesses which includes all age groups of people. 70% of children in Asia, 26% in Africa and 4% in Latin America are affected with protein-energy malnutrition (WHO 2000). Complete eradication of malnutrition is possible with good systems of sanitation, abundant food supply, medical aid and self-employment programs to adequately support poor people financially to take good care of health of parents and particularly of children. Protein is a source of energy for living species and particularly according to RDA recommendation, every person must carry 0. 8 grams of protein for every kilogram of weight one weighs or 0. 36 grams per pound one weighs. Proteins contain twenty amino acids out of which nine are important which are necessarily must be available in food/diet. Conclusion Protein calculation should be according to the age, physical activity and exhaustion (burn) of calories. E. g. egetarian male 25-50 yrs requires 2900 calories/day. Protein need is 79 kg x 1gm of protein per kg = 79gms of protein per day. Although meat is rich in protein vegetarian diet is available in various forms viz. ,green leafy vegetables, pulses, nuts, milk, bread, rice, tofu, soya milk and butter. Vegetarian diet is easily digestible, quick in conversion to protein-energy whereas non-vegetarian is a hard-diet and it requires repetitive check to keep the meat healthy and edible for cooking. How to cite University of California diet test, Papers

Relational Versus Transactional Beliefs †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Relational Versus Transactional Beliefs. Answer: Introduction The relationship between the organisational performance and human resource management is appeared to the statistically weak. However, according to Rousseau (2001), human resource is the integral part of the business that deals with the performance parameter of the associates. Some of the significant issues are identified while linking the relationship between the organisational performance and human resource management (Guest, 2004). The human resource department requires maintaining the responsibilities of recruiting, motivating, and managing the entire work environment in a significant way. It has been observed that the HRM practices even have the strategic linking with the psychological contract. The major focus of the efficient human resource management is to motivate the workforce to retain them for a longer time (Guest, 1998). However, the inappropriate human resource practices can accordingly lead towards the failure of the people management. The study concentrates on the eval uation of psychological contract within ADF (Australian Defense Force). The ADF members claim that their pay rise is minimal and they do not receive the deserving treatment from the Australian Government. It creates the psychological contracts between the members of Australian Defense Force and Australian Government. The study would focus on some of the specific suggestions on the human resource management in terms of performance and rewards, training and career management, and employee wellbeing. The further study would develop the bets human resource practices in mitigating the conflicts emerged within ADF. The case scenario is based on the Workplace Remuneration Arrangement between the Australian Defense Force and Australian Government. The human resource management pays attention towards the wages of the associated workers. The associated ADF members claimed that their wages increased almost 4.5% over 3 years (Aihw.gov.au., 2014). This low rise of the wages has been affecting the psychological contracts between the Australian Government and ADF (Army.gov.au, 2017). It has been observed that there is there is the psychological based conflicts emerged that was shifted from the relational value. The areas of the career development and the long-term job security are the major factors to increase customer loyalty (Grimmer Oddy, 2007). The case study highlights some of the significant issues faced by the associated members due to the improper HRM practices. Undermining the psychological contracts is the major reason for the rise of lower wages. This lower wages are considerably breaching t he rules and obligations of the Australian Government (Rousseau, 2001). Such unintended consequences in the Australian Defense Force Pay Deal are affecting the long-term commitment of the soldiers. The members of Australian Defense Force have been facing major issues with the improper training process, low rise of the wages, and lack of proper employee well-being (Army.gov.au, 2017). In fact, it is also notable that the members do not receive the proper training and development session for their defense programs. The ADF members claim that their pay rise is minimal and they do not receive the deserving treatment from the Australian Government. It creates the psychological contracts between the members of Australian Defense Force and Australian Government. The study would thus focus on some of the specific implication for the future improvement of the Human Resource Management. Role of HR Management The efficient HR management plays the significant role in increasing the performance parameter of the employees. The development and success of the employees help the organisation to accomplish the business goals. On the other hand, the effective performance of the employees depends on the extent to which the organisation is maintaining the fairness to influence loyalty programs. The members associated with the Australian Defense Force exclaimed that they do not receive the proper treatment from the association (ODonnell and Shields, 2002). It is necessary for the human resource department to explain the performance rating scale to understand the employees in different levels. It is to be indicated that the human resource management is the integral part of an organisation. Starting from the recruitment and section process, the human resource management of an organisation requires taking care of the entire data of the organisation, management of the people, and retaining the employees with proper motivation. The HR set the reasonable deadlines for completing the strategic activities undertaken by the management (ODonnell Shields 2002). The human resource management requires concentrating on maintaining the effective interpersonal relationships with the employees. The members associated with the Australian Defense Force exclaimed that they do not receive the proper treatment from the association. It is the major responsibility of the human resource management to manage the training process of every associate, executive, managers and the involved members. It is necessary for the human resource department to explain the performance rating scale to understand the employees in different levels. This performance monitoring process is quite helpful in understanding some of the specific areas of improvement (Dunt, 2009). The lack of proper motivation creates the considerable impact on the psychological mindset of the employees. When the employees receive the proper motivation from the organisation, it creates the positive impact on the associated employees. Similarly, when the employees fail to receive those motivational factors, such as proper training, appropriate wages, and rewards, their performance can be degraded. It is essential for the human resource management to keep the record of the proper performance and activities of the associated employees (ODonnell and Shields, 2002 ). It is even essential to receive the proper feedback from the employees to understand the major areas of concerns (Grimmer Oddy, 2007). The human resource management requires developing such environment that can satisfy their concerns and improve the willingness to work. In fact, the human resource management requires focusing on the internal business strategies and the environmental benefits for the associated employees. Some of the specific motivational factors are needed to be taken into consideration for leading the employees towards job satisfaction (Guest, 1998). The further study would provide the major concerns related to the employees satisfaction. The role of the human resource management has the clear link with the motivation theories. Herzbergs Two-Factor theory provides the insightful ideas of the necessary factors that the human resource management needs to be concerned about to retain the employees. The following section of the study would discuss these factors ass ociated with the motivation theory of Herzberg. Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory Frederick Herzberg, the behavioural scientist observed the needs of several important segments that create the impact on employees minds. The Two-Factor theory is also noted as motivation-hygiene theory that results the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the associated staffs. The case scenario defines that the members of Australian Defense Force have been facing major issues with the improper training process, low rise of the wages, and lack of proper employee well-being (Defence.gov.au, 2017). According to this theory, it is notable that some of the specific job factors result in satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the associated employees. The two-factor theory describes two major factors, such as motivators and hygiene factors. The elements associated with these factors are discussed further: According to Herzberg, there are some factors, which are necessarily needed to be implemented within the environment. These factors do not often lead to the satisfaction, but the absence of these factors may dissatisfy the employees. The factors do not even stay for a longer period and these are reasonable in a job. According to Guest (2004), these factors are generally describing the exact workplace and the environment. The hygiene factors usually symbolize the necessary psychological needs of the associated employees (Mentalhealthcommission.gov.au., 2017). The case study also follows the issue with the psychological contracts of the ADF members due to the absence of several essential factors. The following hygiene factors are needed to be taken into account. Pay: The salary structure or the pay structure is the major factor for every organisation. The employees usually look for the effective pay structure when they are associated with the organisational activities. As per the scenario, the members of Australian Defense Force experience their pay rise in every 3years cycle in which they only receive the hike to 4.5% of the amount (ODonnell and Shields, 2002). This amount is much less for influencing their motivational aspects. The structure of this amount is needed to be equal and competitive to the organisations belong to the same domain (Dobre, 2013). Australian government thus requires paying attention to such monetary factor that create the influencing impact on the employee satisfaction. Administrative and Company Policies: The rigid policies of the company often lead to dissatisfaction. The maintenance of the fairness and appropriate rules and regulations is necessary for every organisation. The flexible working hours, vacations, and appropriate dress codes are some of the considerable components associated with this segment. The case scenario reflects that the ADF members usually face issues with the improper maintenance of fair treatment and effective policies (Rousseau, 2001). The administrative department fails to manage the significant traits that are influencing the minds of employees. Hence, the Australian Government requires make some of the considerable modifications for improving administrative laws for the members of Australian Defense Force. Fringe Benefits: In an organisations, the employees look for some of the motivating benefits offered by the organisations. In usual cases, the employees seek the proper medical or health care plans, benefits or facilities for their family members, and the employee health programmes. The members associated with the Defense Force need such facilities for their families since they are often involved with life risk situation (Whelan, 2016). Their claims for the medical facilities are quite justified. The medical benefits are necessary for leading them towards satisfaction. Physical Working Conditions: The safe working conditions, maintenance of the hygienic level and cleanliness are the basic requirements for every employee working under an organisation. The members of Australian Defense Force are concerned about the equipment used for their activities. The equipments are needed to be properly checked and updated for the betterment of the work functions. Moreover, upgrading the equipments would also be helpful for the safety parameters of the ADF members (Williamson, ODonnell and Shingles, 2015). The issues with such improper maintenance of these equipments are creating the negative influence on the minds of the associated staffs. Interpersonal Relations: The maintenance of the effective interpersonal relationship with the employees is another considerable factor for the employee satisfaction. The human resource management requires concentrating on maintaining the effective interpersonal relationships with the employees. The members associated with the Australian Defense Force exclaimed that they do not receive the proper treatment from the association (ODonnell and Shields, 2002). It is necessary for the human resource department to explain the performance rating scale to understand the employees in different levels. This performance monitoring process is quite helpful in understanding some of the specific areas of improvement. The human resource management has the power of controlling such situations by improving the behavioral aspects within the association. The peers, superiors, and associates require concentrating on the well behaviour with the employees for generating trust and retaining them for a long run. Job Security: The major satisfaction of the employees is facilitated with the assurance of the secure job environment. Once the employees feel secure within the organisation and about the job, it becomes the greater satisfactory element (Dobre, 2013). The human resource management thus requires paying attention towards such security for the associated staffs. According to the theory developed by Herzberg, it is notable that the hygiene factors are completely different to the motivational aspects. It has been observed that the HRM practices even have the strategic linking with the psychological contract. The human resource management requires developing such environment that can satisfy their concerns and improve the willingness to work. In fact, the human resource management requires focusing on the internal business strategies and the environmental benefits for the associated employees. The major focus of the efficient human resource management is to motivate the workforce to retain them for a longer time. The hygiene factors are thus not considered as the motivators for the employees. The elements associated with the motivational factors are discussed further: Rewards and Recognition: The efforts of the employees are needed to be appreciated by the top management. The accomplishments of the employees are needed to be rewarded and recognized (ODonnell and Shields, 2002). In fact, the members associated with the Australian Defense Force expect to be rewarded for their enormous efforts. The human resource management require concentrating on such aspects. Growth and Promotional Opportunities: The employees look for the advancements and sense of achievement for the input they provide to accomplish the goals. The results would ensure their satisfaction and loyalty towards their jobs. In fact, in case of ADF members, the scenario is quite same. It is necessary for the human resource department to explain the performance rating scale to understand the employees in different levels (Williamson, ODonnell and Shingles, 2015). This performance monitoring process is quite helpful in understanding some of the specific areas of improvement. They seek for the proper recognition from the Australian Government for their efforts provided to the defensive activities for the country. Hence, the human resource management requires focusing on this requirement. Responsibility: The employees always need to hold themselves responsible enough for the work (ODonnell and Shields, 2002). If the employees receive the ownership of the work, they become more motivated and fond of their job activities (Williamson, ODonnell and Shingles, 2015). The human resource management requires developing such environment that can satisfy their concerns and improve the willingness to work. Accordingly, the ADF members would generate the sense of satisfaction within their workplace. Implication for the Human Resource Management The above discussion focuses on the necessary factors that serve as the motivational aspects for the employees. The case study reflects the improper management of these factors that create the negative influence on employees satisfaction level. The human resource management is the integral part of an organisation. It has been observed that the HRM practices even have the strategic linking with the psychological contract. The major focus of the efficient human resource management is to motivate the workforce to retain them for a longer time. Starting from the recruitment and section process, the human resource management of an organisation requires taking care of the entire data of the organisation, management of the people, and retaining the employees with proper motivation. The HR set the reasonable deadlines for completing the strategic activities undertaken by the management In order to accomplish this concern, the HRM needs to concentrate on following implications: It is necessary for the human resource management or the Australian government to pay attention towards the proper training and development The effective training and development for the ADF members would be fruitful for the improvement of performance. Moreover, the members would receive the chance to develop their skills against the defensive activities. It is one considerable factor of motivation. Appreciating the employees or the associates for their fruitful contribution is necessary for the human resource management. The Australian Government needs to consider the sacrifices and the potentiality of the defense force while protecting the country. Hence, the rewards and recognition is one of the most helpful elements that can motivate them to be more willing to complete their tasks. Maintenance of the employee wellbeing is necessary for the Government of Australia to retain the members for a longer period. When the employees receive enough benefits from the association and their pay scale would be higher, it would work as the motivational factor to sustain for a long-term. Hence, improvement of the employee wellbeing would be beneficial for the performance parameter of Australian Defense Force. Conclusion The case study focuses on the specific issues related to the improper human resource management within ADF. The ADF members claim that their pay rise is minimal and they do not receive the deserving treatment from the Australian Government. It creates the psychological contracts between the members of Australian Defense Force and Australian Government. The human resource management requires developing such environment that can satisfy their concerns and improve the willingness to work. In fact, the human resource management requires focusing on the internal business strategies and the environmental benefits for the associated employees. After identifying the motivational and hygiene factors, it can be implied that the human resource management requires concentrating on some of the specific implications. Developing the effective training session, providing the proper rewards and recognition to the members, and improving the employee wellbeing would be beneficial enough to generate sat isfaction among the ADF members. Reference Aihw.gov.au., (2014)., Incidence of suicide among serving and ex-serving Australian Defence Force personnel 20012014https://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129557671) Army.gov.au, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/our-contract-with-australia [Accessed 8 Oct. 2017]. Army.gov.au, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.army.gov.au/our-work/good-soldiering [Accessed 8 Oct. 2017]. Defence.gov.au, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.defence.gov.au/pathwaytochange/docs/120410%20Pathway%20to%20Change%20-%20Evolving%20Defence%20Culture%20-%20web%20version.pdf [Accessed 8 Oct. 2017]. Dunt D, (2009)., Review of Mental Health Care in the ADF and Transition through Discharge. https://www.defence.gov.au/health/DMH/Review.htm accessed 5 October 2009 Grimmer, M., Oddy, M. (2007). Violation of the psychological contract: The mediating effect of relational versus transactional beliefs. Australian Journal of Management, 32(1), 153-174 Guest, D. E. (1998). Is the psychological contract worth taking seriously?Journal of organizational behavior, 649-664 Guest, D. E. (2004). The psychology of the employment relationship: An analysis based on the psychological contract.Applied psychology,53(4), 541-555 Mentalhealthcommission.gov.au., (2017)., Review into the Suicide and Self-Harm Prevention Services Available to current and former serving ADF members and their families.Final report: Findings and Recommendations National Mental Health Commission,28 March 2017. Available at: https://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov.au/media-centre/news/australian-defence-force-review.aspx). ODonnell, M. and J. Shields. 2002. Performance Management and the Psychological Contract in the Australian Federal Public Sec- tor. Journal of Industrial Relations 44(3):435 457 Rousseau, D. 2001. Schema, Promise and Mutuality: The Building Blocks of the Psychological Contract. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 74:511541 Whelan, J. (2016). Ghost in the Ranks: Forgotten Voices Military Mental Health. Friesenpress, Canada. Williamson, S, ODonnell, M and Shingles, J (2015) Unintended Consequences: Implications of the 2014 Australian Defence Force Pay Deal, Australian Journal of Public Administration March 2015 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8500.12149

Ways KM Support E

Autocorrelation (Econometrics)

Autocorrelation (Econometrics) Free Online Research Papers Autocorrelation can be defined as correlation between the variables of some observations at different points of time if it is about a â€Å" time series data†, or it will be correlation between the variables of some observations at different space if it is about â€Å" cross sectional data†. The classical linear regression model (CLRM) according to the regression context does not exist in the error (ui) this can be written in this form E(uiuj) = 0 i ? j The classical model have an assumption saying that the disturbance of a certain observation does not change or be effected from the disturbances of any other observations, but if the equation was like this: E(uiuj) ? 0 i ? j then in this case the disturbance in a certain observation can be affected by the disturbance in other observations. When the autocorrelation is calculated, the number that results can fall between +1 and -1. When the result is autocorrelation of +1 this means that perfect positive correlation which explains that an increase that happens in one time series will result an increase proportional to the other time series, while if the result was -1 this means that perfect negative correlation occurs and this explains that if an increase happened in one time series the results will be proportionate decrease in the other time series. This type of value can be used in a useful way for computing for security analysis. For example, â€Å"if you know a stock historically has a high positive autocorrelation value and you witnessed the stock making solid gains over the past several days, you might reasonably expect the movements over the upcoming several days (the leading time series) to match those of the lagging time series and to move upwards.† There are some consequences if we used OLS while the presence of autocorrelation, the estimators of the OLS will be still linear unbiased as well as â€Å" consistent† and â€Å"asymptotically† normally distributed, but they will not be efficient any more, the same thing also happens with the heteroscedasticity. There are four methods to detect the autocorrelation which are: Graphical Method The Runs Test Durbin-Watson d test A general test for autocorrelation: the Breusch-Godfrey or (BG) test Let’s talk about each one separately The first is the graphical method: â€Å" the assumption of non autocorrelation of the classical model relates to the population disturbance ut , they are not directly observable, but instead of them we have their proxies ?t which we can obtain by using the normal OLS steps.† There are a lot of ways to examine the residual, the easiest is that we can plot them against time and this is called â€Å" Time sequence plot† also we can plot the â€Å" Standardized Residual† against time, the standardized residuals are not the real residuals they are the samples which are made like this â€Å"?t â€Å" their values are always pure numbers and we can make a comparison between it and the standardized residual of another regression. The second is the â€Å" Run Test† and sometimes it is called â€Å"Geary test which is a â€Å" test that we make no assumption about the distribution from which the observations are drawn or it is called a non parametric test† : this occurs when the set of data that we are working on is divided in to negative and positive observations, then in this data we will find several residuals that are positive and another several residuals that are negative. The run is defined as â€Å" an un interrupted sequence of one simple† which means that for example if we have in the observation ten positive numbers under each other then they are in a set alone and then we had eleven negative numbers they will be in a set alone and then we had another five positive numbers so this will be another set and not added to the other positive set they are written like this: (++++) () (+++++++) The runs length is determined through the number of elements inside every set for example in the example here we have three runs the first is containing four pluses the second is containing six minuses and the third run is containing seven pluses. â€Å" One can derive a test of randomness of runs, by examining how runs behave in a strictly random sequence of observations.† We must look to the number of runs that we have for instance in the previous example they are consisting of three runs and seventeen observations. â€Å" we must look if this is too many or too few compared with the number of runs expected in a strictly random sequence of seventeen observations.† â€Å" if it is consisting of too many runs it means that the residual changes signs a lot so the indicates negative serial correlation, and if they were containing of very few runs they may suggest positive auto correlation.† There are some shortcuts that are done to make things become easier which are: â€Å" N: Total number of observations = N1+N2† â€Å" N1: Number of the plus residuals† â€Å" N2: Number of minus residuals† â€Å" R: Number of runs† â€Å" Under the null hypothesis the successive outcomes are independent and we make an assumption that N1 > 10 and N2 > 10† â€Å" Mean: E(R) = (2 N1N2 )/N+ 1† â€Å" Variance: ?_(R= (2N_(1 N_(2 ( 2 N_1 N_2-N)) ))/((?N)?^2 (N-1)))^2† The third is the â€Å" Durbin Watson d test† it is the most known test for getting the serial correlation and it is defined in the following equation: d = (?_(t=2)^(t=1)(?t-t ?_(-1))^2 ?)/(?_(t=1)^(t=n)t ?^2 ) This equation is the â€Å" ratio of the sum of squared differences in successive residuals to the RSS† the number that we get from the numerator of the â€Å" d statistic† equation is â€Å" n-1†. There is a great advantage of the â€Å" d statistic† which is that it is â€Å" based on the estimated residual, which are calculated in the regression analysis.† There are six assumptions used in the d-statistic which are: â€Å" The regression model includes the intercept term. Sometimes it is not presented as in the case of the regression through the origin, it is essential to rerun the regression including the intercept term to obtain the RSS† â€Å" The explanatory variables are non stochastic or fixed in repeated sampling.† â€Å" The disturbance are generated by the first order autoregressive scheme: ut = put-1+?_t. Therefore it cannot be used to detect higher order autoregressive schemes. â€Å" The error term ut is assumed to be normally distributed.† â€Å" The regression model does not include the lagged values of the dependent variable as one of the explanatory variables.† â€Å" There are no missing observations in the data.† There is a line that is from 0 till d From o till dL â€Å" Reject Ho evidence of positive autocorrelation.† From dL till dU â€Å"Zone of indecision† From dU till 2 and from 2 till 4-dU we do not reject H0 or H0* or both From 4 – du till 4 – dL: â€Å" is called the zone of indecision. From 4 – dL till 4 reject H0* evidence of negative autocorrelation. There is a rule that says H0: No positive autocorrelation and H0*: No negative autocorrelation. There are some rules that we have to define from it:Type equation here. p ?= ((U_(t ) ) ?(U_t ) ?-1?)/((U_t^2 ) ? ) By using the previous equation we can say that d?2(1-p ?) There is another equation says -1 ? p ? 1 implies that o ? d ? 4 any estimated d value must lie between these limits. In the first equation if p ? = 0, d = 2, this is only in the case if there is no serial correlation, then d is expected to be 2, if d was 2 in an application then there is an assumption that can be made that â€Å" there is no first order autocorrelation, either positive or negative, if p ? was +1 this indicates perfect positive correlation in the residuals. When d is closer to zero this means that the evidence of positive serial correlation is great, and if there is autocorrelation the residuals will be bunched together and their differences will therefore tend to be small, and as a result of this the numerator some of squares will be smaller in comparison with denominator sum of squares, if p ? was -1 this means that there is a negative correlation among successive residuals, d?4 the closer the d to 4 the greater the evidence of negative serial correlation. After we assume the assumptions that are listed above then we can go in the procedures of Durbin Watson test correctly which are: â€Å" Run the OLS regression and obtain the residuals.† â€Å" Calculate d from d = (?_(t=2)^(t=1)(?t-t ?_(-1))^2 ?)/(?_(t=1)^(t=n)t ?^2 ) and this is a step that most of the computers do.† â€Å" For the given sample size and the given numbers of explanatory variables find out the critical dL and dU variables.† The fourth and last one is the Breusch Godfrey or (BG) test: It is a test that is made to not do the wrong things that happened in the Durbin Watson test of autocorrelation, and this test allows â€Å" no stochastic repressors such as the lagged values of the regressand, and higher order autoregressive scheme.† Y = B1 + B2Xt +Ut Assume that the error term (Ut) is as follows: Ut =P1Ut-1 + P2Ut-2 ¬ + †¦+ PpUt-p + ?t The Ho that is going to be tested is P1 = P2 = †¦ = Pp = 0 The Breusch Godfrey test steps is like this: â€Å"Estimate Y = B1 + B2Xt +Ut by OLS and obtain the residual.† â€Å" regress Ut on the original Xt.† â€Å" if the sample size is large (BG) have shown that: (n – p)R2~ X2p There are many tests for autocorrelation because there is â€Å" no particular test has yet been judjed to be unequivocally best and thus the analysts are still in the unenviable position of considering a varied collection of test procedures for detecting the presence or structure or both of autocorrelation.† There are some steps that we have to do when we find autocorrelation the first is to try to find out if the autocorrelation is â€Å"pure autocorrelation† and not as a result of mis-specification of the model, the second thing is that it was â€Å"pure autocorrelation appropriate transformation of the original model can be used, because in the transformed model we do not have the problem of pure autocorrelation, the third thing is â€Å" in a large sample we can use the newly west method to obtain standard error of OLS estimators that are corrected for autocorrelation.† The fourth and last thing is that â€Å"in some situations we can continue to use the OLS method† Research Papers on Autocorrelation (Econometrics)Research Process Part OneStandardized TestingIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Fifth HorsemanThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenDefinition of Export QuotasInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Literature and cinematography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature and cinematography - Essay Example On the other side, film directors never neglect renowned novels because they are aware of the fact that the same can help them to unleash their individual freedom. Within the context of romance vampire novel genre, authors provide ample importance to the supernatural elements and romance. On the other side, romantic vampire film genre provides importance to romance, supernatural elements and visual effects. Thesis statement: Although the film Twilight and the book Twilight tell the story, the film and the book differ in the approach to plot, love story, and supernatural elements. General information: Twilight (novel) Twilight, the novel by Stephenie Meyer, published in the year 2005, was a bestseller. This work is the first work among the Twilight series. The novel consists of the romantic love story between a teen aged girl named as Isabella Swan and a vampire named as Edward Cullen. The love story gradually transforms into the conspiracy of vampires to hunt human beings, including Isabella. In the end, James, another vampire tries to hunt Isabella and he was destroyed by Edward, Isabella’s lover. General information: Twilight (film) Twilight, the film by Catherine Hardwicke, released in the year 2008, was a box-office hit. Besides, this film is based on Stephenie Meyer’s work named as Twilight. In the film, Kristen Stewart acted as Isabella Swan and Robert Pattinson acted as Edward Cullen. ... The novel’s plot is simple and can be described as the love story between a girl and a vampire. In the novel, the novelist makes use of the plot which connects the real world of Isabella "Bella" Swan and the fictitious/supernatural world of Edward Cullen. Then, the simple plot develops into the amalgamation of real life situation and supernatural world of vampires. Gradually, the plot thickens and the heroine and the hero are thrown into the world of vampires. In the novel, the novelist made use of her imagination, verbal description, and dialogues to move forward the plot. In short, the author utilizes the simple plot to lead the readers towards thrill and horror. On the other side, Catherine Hardwicke treats the plot as the basic element which connects the love story and the supernatural world of vampires. To be specific, all the things that are visualized by the author must be presented by the director. But, Catherine Hardwicke co-operated with Stephenie Meyer and some of t he scenes from the novel underwent alteration. For instance, in the novel, Bella reveals the fact that she is aware of Edward’s real identity. In the film this scene occurs in a pasture, but in the novel the same scene occurs in Edward’s vehicle. So, the director was aware of the fact that she is transforming the plot from printed media to visual media and the same pose a number of scopes and challenges. Love story In the novel, the novelist treats the element of love story as the inherent theme. The novelist never ignores the heroine’s passionate love towards the hero. Nancy Reagin made clear that, â€Å"Speaking of flammable, one of the most striking differences between the Twilight series and other vampire romances is the

UK Company Law Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

UK Company Law Assignment - Essay Example Such authority is what is perceived by third parties to have been vested in an agent by the principal. The existence of such authority requires a representation to have been made to the third party. Such representation should originate from the principal or some entity having accrual authority3. In Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal) Ltd, the company was held to be liable, because the managing director had the authority to enter that particular type of contract on behalf of the company4. Angelina had been representing Brad, in his business, for many years. She used to help Brad in running his business, as she was well versed with makeup articles. As such, she had been acting as a representative of Brad, while conducting business with third parties. According to the ruling in the Freemans case, Angelina had acted as an agent of Brad, while entering into a contract with Aniston Ltd. This contract with Aniston Ltd is valid, in accordance with the principle of ostensible authority, which permits an agent to form a valid contract on behalf of her principal. Consequently, Brad is responsible for the acts of Angelina, while doing the business, including the contract with Aniston Ltd. Instances where a company's director will be held liable are given in the sequel. If a director wilfully acts over and above the powers bestowed upon him by the articles of association of the company, then he will be held liable for such transgressions. If the company becomes insolvent as a result of the fraudulent activities of a director, then he will be held to be responsible. Section 174(1) established the duty to exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence. This duty enshrines the rule of duty of care and skill of common law. Section 174(2) describes the amount of care, skill and diligence to be exercised by a director. Furthermore, the directors of a limited company are not personally liable for the acts of the company. However, if a director abuses his position in the company, then he will be held personally liable and prosecuted accordingly6. Brad, as a director with a fiduciary duty towards the company, has to ensure the well being of the company. He sold ' 100,000 worth goods to Sess for '60,000. As a director of the company, Brad cannot act in a manner that causes a loss to the company. For example, Section 172 of the Companies Act 2006 imposes a duty to promote the success of the company on its directors. This duty had been developed from the fiduciary duties owed by directors, such as duty of good faith and the duty to act in the best interests of the company7. Selling goods at a lower price results in financial loss to the company, and thereby implies a breach of statutory duties. Brad breached the fiduciary duty conferred up on him by section 172 of the Companies Act 2006. The director has to consider the long term consequences of the decisions taken in the interest of the company. He has to consider the interests of the employees of the company and other factors such as the relationships with the clients and suppliers of the company. In addition to these

Consumer behaviour in Brazil

Consumer behaviour in Brazil Brazil is the largest country in Latin America. The total population of Brazil is 170 million. The south east part of Brazil has the highest population and then comes the north east region. The GDP and per capita of the south east is more than that of the north east of Brazil. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR The consumer behaviour in brazil to the detergent market is different in the north east and the south east of Brazil and is depended on many influences. One of the influence is the social influence. Social Influences North East Brazil South East Brazil Culture and sub culture 65% of the population are a mix of African and European origins and their lifestyles, rituals and values share an African influence. Music and humour are the key elements of their culture. Only 35% of the population share an African influence whereas the rest are the migrants from Europe. This part is the financial and the political hub of Brazil. Social class More than half of the population fall in the low income category .The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture. It is more labour intrinsic type of job. Most of the women in the family are housewives. Only 21% of the entire population fall in the low income category and most of the women are from the working class. Group Membership Most of the women meet and wash their clothes in public laundry or pond in a group. Cleanliness being an issue of gossip, every woman tend to keep their family clean to please the group. Most women own a washing machine so self esteem and social status is given less importance. The purchase behaviour of a customer depends on various factors as shown in the diagram below. The social influences are the subjective norms. Apart from price of the detergent, the important attributes for the north east customers as per the rankings are Power of detergent Its fragrance The ability to remove stains without the need of soap and bleach The dissolving power with the water Packaging Impact on colours Whereas the south eastern customers are habitual decision makers. They would prefer to use the same detergents that they are using unless they dont get any flaws. BRAND PLAYERS AND THEIR STRATEGIES UNILEVER: TOP BRANDS: Omo is the top brand of the portfolio and is considered as a high quality at a premium position which is for the high end market. Omo has more than half percentage of the total market share in Brazil .Minerva is a medium quality product with low brand awareness and second in market share. Campeiro is a well-known cheapest product but with a low top of the mind penetration. The target customers of Unilever were the high income segment. The highest profit margin that Unilever generates is from the sales of Omo. STRATEGY USED: With the help of brands like Omo Unilever was the market pioneer in Brazil and hence got the first mover advantage in the detergent sector. Unilever is the LEADER in the market. It followed the strategy whereby it created the most desirable market space in the minds of the consumers as seen by the Top-of-Mind-Awareness results. (Exhibit 8) Their main strategy is to advertise and increase the sales especially of Omo as the profits generated from their detergents proves a backbone for their expansion in food and personal care categories. Unilevers main line of promotion was through the media advertising. This is cost effective and irrespective of the income, Brazilians are avid television watchers. POSITIONING: The various products of Unilever are positioned as per the product and its appeal. Its positioning ranges from removal of stain by eliminating the need of bleach (Omo) to delivering pleasant smell and softness (Minerva) to cost reduction (Campeiro) DISTRIBUTION: Unilever had the daunting task of distributing to 75,000 small outlets in the Northeast. For this it relied on its existing network of generalist wholesalers and sometimes also on secondary, smaller local wholesalers. This however increased their cost. It also had the option of contracting with the specialized distributors. PROCTER GAMBLE: TOP BRANDS: Ace is of the superior quality and is still sold at a lower price than its second brand. Through research and development, their strategy would be to improve the price and the perceived quality of Bold and Ace which is in competition with Minerva and Omo respectively. STRATEGY USED: PG is a MARKET CHALLENGER which is aggressively trying to extend its market share. It has specific challenger strategies like VALUE PRICE GOODS AND SERVICES and IMPROVED SERVICES. The advertising is not very effective as the consumers dont have much knowledge or a top of the brand awareness as compared to the other brands in the market. POSITIONING: Like most of the products of Unilever their products are also positioned depending on the target customers. Two of their main products are positioned similar to Unilevers products e.g. Bold and Pop whereas Ace is positioned as a superior whiteness source. ASA ASA is a local Brazilian brand and is only popular in Northeast TOP BRANDS: Invicto which is an entry level detergent as it is a low cost detergent and valued by its customers. It is a key competitor of Campeiro and focuses on cost reduction across all dimensions. STRATEGY USED: They are the MARKET NICHERS and have been serving a special segment of the market as a whole. POSITIONING: Positioned like Campeiro i.e. as a low priced product SWOT OF UNILEVER IN BRAZIL (AS PER CASE) PRESENT SITUATION: Unilever is the pioneer of consumer goods industry in Brazil and a clear leader in the detergent powder category with an 81% market share achieved by brands like Omo, Minerva and Campeiro. The Brazilian fabric wash market consists of two categories: detergent powder and laundry soap. It faces a huge threat from PG and hence Unilever should look into tapping the niche markets before its competitors entry into them STRENGTHS: Detergent market pioneer in Brazil. Hence gained the first mover advantage which proved very favourable for its success Unilever is a strong brand in itself and has wide acceptance for its products all over the world Have a wide range of brands i.e. have a strong brand portfolio which caters to different market segments. For e.g. Omo is more technology oriented, Minerva clings to its emotional appeal and is a traditional brand, Campeiro focuses more on cost reduction They are innovative and customer centric in their approach. E.g. introduction of 4 new variants of Omo. Each of them have different properties targeted at specific needs of customers Detergents will always remain the cash cows for Unilever WEAKNESS: Difficult to make a selection with respect to cost effectiveness between the Generalist Wholesaler and Specialist Distributor since both could prove to be equally useful in its own way and once selected very hard to reverse Vast difference in distribution of social classes in the Southeast and Northeast. So similar strategies and products will not have the same result and might also vary vastly from the expected result especially in the Northeast Its brand Campeiro is perceived to be low on quality since it is also low priced High availability of substitute products OPPORTUNITY: Tap the niche market i.e. the untouched low income sector before the competitors penetrate there Change the positioning of detergents in the minds of the Northeasterners so as to increase the use quantitatively Make use of the high frequency of washing tendency in the Northeasterners which would improve product sales in this area Omo has the highest Top-of-Mind-Awareness amongst the Northeasterners (approximately 70%). This can be used as a way to generate awareness about Unilevers other brands and also for the product which needs to be directed to the lower income consumer segment (exhibit 8) Improvement in Brazils overall economic performance thereby improving the purchasing power of the natives and especially the lower income consumers Adopt appropriate strategy targeted at the lower income group so that Unilever successfully manages to tap all the classes of people Introduction of more technology based and innovative products like Omo THREATS: Rapid growth and improvement of PGs RD and marketing expertise Northeasterners manner of using detergents is different from the Southeasterners. As per this logic the use of detergents is less with the Northeasterners Preference of laundry soap over detergent powder in the Northeast. This would pose a challenge to the lower income consumer segment product which the company wishes to market Competitor brands like Bold, Pop and Invicto are direct competition to Minerva and Campeiro with regards to quality and price There is almost equal market penetration of the competitors brands with Unilevers brands. For e.g. Invicto, Ace, Campeiro (penetration in the range of 60-80%) Introduction of local products by smaller companies with better distribution Price war with other giants like PG UNILEVER IN BRAZIL As given in the case study, Unilever in Brazil has a strong 81% market share by means of its three brands: Omo, Minerva and Campeiro. Question at hand is Whether or not to market detergents to lower income consumers in Northeastern Brazil and How to go about it The lower income segment isnt tapped by any of the giants of the detergent industry hence it provides opportunity to the company for growth in this segment. Also there is a need for good products matching the flagship brand Omo combined with affordability as clearly seen by the example stated about Maria ConceiÇà £o. TREND IN BRAZIL: As per case study it is known that Northeasterners believe bleach is a must for removal of stains; detergent powder is used only to make the clothes smell good. For the Northeasterners cleanliness is perceived as important despite of their low income survival. Cleaning of clothes for them is also seen as a measure of dedication of the woman of the family. Hence the challenge is to change few age old perceptions and yet successfully make a mark in the lower income segment. For this Unilever will have to convert the laundry soap users into an Omo class user. This is a long term strategy but yet a feasible one. WHY CHOOSE LOWER INCOME GROUP: Enter lower income group segment before PG penetrates there Detergent market in this segment will always be a cash cow Need gap analysis shows that there is an existing need for good detergents in this market IMPLICATIONS OF MOVE: SHORT TERM IMPLICATIONS: First mover advantage, shift of investment of money in low price brand from premium brands LONG TERM IMPLICATIONS: Market leader in low income detergent market, without a shift in Omo customers the new brand will be able to attract lower income customers WHAT SHOULD BE DONE? There are various options with Unilever. Namely, Launch a new product in the market targeting the lower income consumer without cannibalizing its own premium brands extensively Reposition one of its existing brands Have a cheaper version of Omo/Minerva Carry out an extension of one of the existing brands I believe that Unilever in Brazil should carry out PRODUCT LINE EXTENSION. Hereby they should introduce an additional item in the same product category. Unilever should have an extension of its brand Minerva named Minerva Progress (similar to Omo Progress which removes difficult stains without bleach and laundry soap). Minerva Progress should be positioned between Omo and Minerva PROS: The positioning of product between Omo and Minerva will help gain visibility Can promote positively using Unilevers brand name Good market penetration of Minerva as a brand  [1]   CONS: Minerva as a brand is perceived to be a medium quality brand with less Top-of-Mind-Awareness  [2]   Fierce competition with PG brands like Bold and Ace WHY EXTENSION OF MINERVA: Not possible to have a low cost product under the Omo brand since this would confuse the consumers about the original Omos credibility Launch of a new product will not be cost effective Having an extension of Campeiro might not be successful due to the original image of the brand as a cheap quality brand Repositioning of any of the top brands might confuse the consumers and Unilever might lose its loyal customers Minerva having a good market penetration can perform well if the positioning for the extended product is done appropriately. Also as per Exhibit 8 the consumers in the Northeast have good knowledge about the Minerva brand (rated second after Omo). Hence the company should capitalize on this fact and thereby build a route to tap its lower income segment by using the brand name. A MARKET RESEARCH SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT TO UNDERSTAND THE RANGE IN WHICH THE CUSTOMERS WOULD BE WILLING TO SPEND MARKETING MIX OF MINERVA PROGRESS: PRODUCT: A new formula should be produced to match the requirements of the customers and at the same time not increasing the cost Product should have attributes as per requirement of the lower income segment especially cleanliness, whitening and productivity  [3]   Along with price the product should match the six key attributes important to this segment. Formulation should have more emphasis on stain removing capability while keeping Minervas original features intact like perfume and softness The product should be made available in various sizes and types. This would be apt for customers who do not use a large quantity of product per month. This would also give a notional feeling to the customer of having spent less Use of packaging other than cardboard boxes e.g. plastic sachet PRICE: The price of the product should be affordable for the lower income consumers The company is increasing the cost on formulation and nullifying it by cutting down on packaging charges The product should be such that it is priced less than Omo and Minerva itself but a little more than Campeiro Unilever should adopt PENETRATION PRICINGfor its product whereby the profit margin for Unilever would be less but it would maximize unit sales and increase market share in this segment Adoption of penetration pricing would also discourage the competitors entry Also initially Unilever can have an INTRODUCTORY PRICE for the product which would encourage people to purchase the product SUGGESTION: Unilever can also get into backward integration to reduce its cost thereby managing to produce low priced products PLACE Unilever should sell its products at all places in the Northeast Since the big shopping malls are perceived to be expensive it should display its products at local stores Unilever should display Minerva Progress along with Omo. This is because Omo itself has a good image that even this product will be highlighted to all the customers PROMOTION Product should not be advertised as a product meant only for the low income group since this might create a negative impression about the company Medium like hoardings, radio, television should be used Above the line promotion should be emphasized on more than below the line advertising Sales promotion activities should also be carried out heavily which are directed at the customers DISTRIBUTION: Intensive distribution should be used to make the product available extensively in all the retail outlets To target the lower income segment Unilever should adopt the Specialized Distribution method as given in Exhibit 13 PUSH STRATEGY: Initially a push strategy should be used wherein the product is pushed at the customers and made widely available to them. Then depending on the demand forecasts a push-pull strategy should be used. POSITIONING: FRAME OF REFERENCE: Detergents POINT OF DIFFERENCE: Quality with affordability POSITIONING: Attribute and benefit positioning STATEMENT: THE MORE THE BETTER OR THE LESSER THE BETTER.WE GIVE YOU BOTH; MORE QUALITIES FOR LESSER PRICE! PERCEPTUAL MAP: 200 MINERVA PROGRESS OMO 200 0 100 ACE BOLD PERCEIVED QUALITY PRICE INDEX 100 CAMPEIRO POP INVICTO MINERVA = UNILEVER = PG = ASA