Critique Essay Essay Example

Critique Essay Essay Example Critique Essay Essay Critique Essay Essay Critique Essay Name: Course: Institution: Tutor: Date: Critique Essay Summary of Nina Funnell The first article, Let’s respect children’s ability to think for themselves has been written by a social analyst and casual writer known as Nina Funnell. Funnell, N. (2011) attempts in arguing how children should be given a chance of contributing ideas, points or their personal views concerning the major issues facing the society. The author bases his grounds through a real life example of an eleven-year-old boy who managed to have a significant impact on the society when he managed to get his views across concerning the major issue of religion on a famous newspaper article. An issue concerning religion emerged after a well-known spiritual conservative named Fred Nile was protesting against the government’s act of wanting to ban spiritual classes by replacing them with Ethics classes. Funnell, N. (2011) states that as the young boy dished out his opinion on the matter, he expressed that as much as he respected people’s spirituality, he felt that Nile did not have the right in compelling people to follow religion. The societal response indicated astonishment that such an opinion could be generated by a young person. The writer uses this incident in proving how children are not taken seriously in the society and argues for their need in being given a chance to contribute their ideas and views on the key issues and developments that take place in society. Summary of Simon Longstaff The second article, Ethics lesson 1: don’t trade children’s interests for Nile’s obsession has been written by a writer known as Simon Longstaff, and he describes the common perception of politics as whereby there are no impossibilities in wanting to achieve something despite using fraudulent means. He describes how individuals involved in the political system find themselves in certain circumstances in which they go against their moral or ethical principles in achieving something. However, he argues that there is a chance of the society being rescued from this mentality. The writer reveals how the political leaders are taking advantage of the situation involving the introduction of ethics classes in schools in order to justify their unethical actions in the system. The article bases this by revealing the content of the ethical lessons being taught including the theme, â€Å"the end justifies the means†, and meaning that practices can be acceptable if the goal is relevant, significant or appropriate in the society. Longman,S. (2011) argues that if it is necessary for the political system to fulfill their interests, they should not mix with the interests of children by involving the education system. Determination of Ethos, Logos and Pathos It is possible to determine the writers’ ethos in the first article. For example, in the first paragraphs, the author introduces the main subject by using an actual example and relates himself to the main object of the example in order to prove the credibility of his argument. When the author discusses the young boy who contributed his opinions in a mature environment, he shows his familiarity as he tells how close he is to the boy’s family. The writer tells the readers the experiences of meeting with the boy’s parents and having the opportunity to hold conversations with the boy concerning his well-known opinions about introducing ethical classes in the education system. Granger (2008, pp.69) explains that a well-planned ethos enables the author to gain the trust of his audience since he proves the relevance of his argument. The writer’s encounter with one of the features in the main subject of his argumentation would give the readers reason in finding the article more engaging and hence feel the need in continuing to read it. The writer in the second article demonstrates ethos in the article through the content he generates. There is a strong foundation in the author’s statements in the first paragraphs because he reflects on the major issue facing the society including the conflicting debate between ethical classes against spiritual classes in the education system. He gives details on how the issue is connected with the interests of the political system. In addition, he gives details on the well-known issue of Reverend Fred Nile who contested against the idea of introducing ethical classes to replace spiritual classes. The credibility of the content found in the beginning paragraphs is sufficient to convince the readers that the author is sure of his argument. The author appears to be well informed on the issue he is arguing about and hence the readers will obviously confide in an author who is well rounded on the main subject. Another argumentative element that has been used in both articles is the pathos, whereby the writer attempts to convince the readers by capturing the attention of their emotions or feelings towards the subject. For example, in the first article, the writer uses a significant example of how a child makes an unexpected impact on an adult environment through his opinions. It is expected that any reader going through that article will be astonished, moved or inspired as to how a young individual could have such high level of intelligence that is influential to the society. Children are perceived as being innocent and hence are less likely to be familiar or surrounded with complex responsibilities and issues. Therefore, the writer was able to inspire the audience by bringing the situation in which the perception of children is reversed. In the second article, the writer demonstrates the pathos element in the manner he arranges and writes the content. For example, as he addresses his beginning statements, he expresses them based on his opinion towards the subject. In one of the statements, â€Å"I know that politics is the art of possible† reveals his view towards politics. This enables the readers to be moved by relating to the author’s personality that is displayed in those statements. The author has also incorporated his reaction towards the issue in the main body. For example, the statement, â€Å"Nile says that scripture is under threat from ethics classes. But this is nonsense† illustrates the author’s reaction towards the matter and hence his personality. The writer’s reaction could be a great way of catching the reader’s attention and making them more involved in reasoning with his given reaction in the book. In addition, the readers’ interest in the article is maximized because she is able to relate her feelings and thoughts to what the author is feeling concerning the subject. In the first article, pathos has been illustrated where the author includes his experiences as he is writing the main article. For example, the statement, â€Å"I confess that when I first read the piece, I did so with one eyebrow raised. Do 11-year-olds really write like this?† the author illustrates his personality through his reaction towards the issue he is discussing. This is a significant way of appealing to the readers to sympathize with the situation being discussed. Upon reading that statement, it is expected that a reader would react the same way and therefore seeing that he can connect with the writer in the article is enough to appeal the reader. In the second article, the writer applies pathos at the concluding paragraphs whereby he asks questions in order to show the relevance of his argument. The questions reveal the writer’s feelings and concerns towards the argument topic. For example, Longstaff. (2011) brings in the statement, â€Å"Will we now say that enough is enough?† shows that he is concerned and hence it enables the readers in trying to reason and sympathize towards the issue being raised in the article. Cockcroft, R Cockcroft, S.M (2005, pp. 56-57 ) explains that the argumentative element of logos can be described as the inner uniformity of the argument. This means that the claim, logic and reasoning of the argument must be addressed in a clear and consistent manner. The Logos is meant to provide the logic effectiveness of the argument to the readers. In the first article, the author has managed to achieve logos especially in the way he has introduced his argument. For example, in the first paragraphs, the writer begins by introducing a real life case, which brings out the idea or clue on what he intends to argue about. He introduces the story of an eleven-year old boy who influenced the society with his views concerning religion. He gives the main specifics of the details in a way that will allow him to bring out his argument subject. After introducing the case, he addresses his reaction by describing how he perceives the boy’s character in relation to the achievement he made through his opinions. The author’s reaction could give the readers a hint on the side he is supporting in his argument. The writer then expands on how the society perceives children and reflects the perception in the case he brought out in the introduction. This strategy enables the readers to understand and reason with the writer’s argument. In this case, he gives the perception of children from different views including the media and adults whereby children are viewed as being vulnerable and in need of security. The writer then brings out his argument claim from the idea of Russell (2007, pp.83) where he explains how children’s capability or potential fail to be taken seriously. The article follows on the beginning example, where the writer reveals his experience during his encounter with the young intelligent boy. The writer does this to convince the readers to believe in the logic of the argument. This is because he attempts to reverse the common perception of children when he reveals his astonishment with the boy’s level of intelligence and hence persuade the readers in perceiving children in a different positive way that would give them opportunity to grow in the society instead of shutting them down with negative assumptions. The writer uses the eleven-year-old boy in the example in proving the logic in his argument where the society needs to view children beyond the assumptions of being innocent and vulnerable. After giving all the details in his argument, he concludes by providing a solution or a form of compromise that could bring the other side of the argument to agree on his side. This is where he explains how children should be given opportunity and esteem to express and contribute their potential to the society’s benefit. In the second article, the writer gives details concerning the main issue of the argument. He then follows by stating his claim by expressing his opinion involving his main issue. For example, the author informs the readers about how the system of politics work and then proceeds to gives his opinion concerning how the political system should function. The writer follows his claim by introducing a case study in which assists in expressing his argument using several points from the case. For example, the well-known case involving Reverend Fred Nile and his opposition of ethics classes in the education system. He gives details on the reason for Nile’s objection to the Ethics, as being a threat to the existence of spiritual classes involving scriptures. He then brings out his argument when he objects to Nile’s conception by stating that the rights of ensuring spiritual classes in institutions is protected by law. The writer then proceeds to give information concerning the ethics subject based on its history and its impact on the young generation from the ancient period. According to Pirsig Kirwin (2004, pp.283), the writer relates this information to Nile in giving the reason for his objection to ethics classes whereby he explains how the subject was known to damage the young generation in the past when it conflicted with the cultural values when introducing the concept of modernism. The author relates the subject of Ethics classes to the main issue of politics by discussing how the political structure is taking advantage of the education system through controlling what should be taught in the Ethics subject. The writer claims that the political leaders are ensuring that the ethics classes include lessons on justifying the corrupt practices carried out in the political system in the reasoning where the end justifies the means. The writer continues his argument by questioning the logic in this act and attempts to offer a solution in form of a question. In the question, â€Å"Will we now say enough is enough?† the writer attempts in giving a hint on what should be done to solve the main issue in his argument. Reference Cockcroft, R., Cockcroft, S. M. (2005). Persuading people: an introduction to rhetoric. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan. Funnell, N. 2011, â€Å"Let’s respect children’s ability to think for themselves†, National Times [online] available at theage.com.au/opinion/society-and-culture/lets-respect-childrens-ability-to-think-for-themselves-20110802-1i9ce.html Granger, R. H. (2008). The 7 triggers to yes: the new science behind influencing people’s decisions. New York, McGraw-Hill. Longstaff, S. 2011, â€Å"Ethics lesson 1: don’t trade children’s interest for Nile’s obsession†, National Times [online] available at theage.com.au/opinion/politics/ethics-lesson-1-dont-trade-childrens-interests-for-niles-obsession-20110801-1i81v.html Pirsig, M. E., Kirwin, K. F. (2004). Cases and materials on professional responsibility. St. Paul, Minn, West Pub. Co. Russell, J. (2007). How children become moral selves: building character and promoting citizenship in education. Brighton, Sussex Academic Press.

Composition of the Universe

Composition of the Universe The universe is a vast and fascinating place.   When astronomers consider what its made of, they can point most directly to the billions of galaxies it contains. Each of those has millions or billions- or even trillions- of stars. Many of those stars have planets. There are also clouds of gas and dust.   In between the galaxies, where it seems there would be very little stuff, clouds of hot gases exist in some places, while other regions are nearly empty voids. All that is material that can be detected. So, how difficult can it be to look out into the cosmos and estimate, with reasonable accuracy, the amount of luminous mass (the material we can see) in the universe, using  radio, infrared and x-ray astronomy? Detecting Cosmic Stuff Now that astronomers have highly sensitive detectors, they are making great advances in in figuring out the mass of the universe and what makes up that mass. But thats not the problem.  The answers theyre getting dont make sense. Is their method of adding up the mass wrong (not likely) or is there something else out there; something else that they cant see? To understand the difficulties, its important to understand the mass of the universe and how astronomers measure it. Measuring Cosmic Mass One of the greatest pieces of evidence for the mass of the universe is something called the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Its not a physical barrier or anything like that. Instead, its a condition of the early universe that can be measured using microwave detectors. The CMB dates back to shortly after the Big Bang and is actually the background temperature of the universe. Think of it as heat that is detectable throughout the cosmos equally from all directions. Its not exactly like the heat coming off the Sun or radiating from a planet. Instead, its a very low temperature measured at 2.7 degrees K. When astronomers go to measure this temperature, they see small, but important fluctuations spread throughout this background heat. However, the fact that it exists means that the universe is essentially flat. That means it will expand forever. So, what does that flatness mean for figuring out the mass of the universe? Essentially, given the measured size of the universe, it means there has to be enough mass and energy present within it to make it flat.The problem? Well, when astronomers add up all of the normal matter  (such as stars and galaxies, plus the gas in the universe, thats only about 5% of the critical density that a flat universe needs to remain flat. That means that 95 percent of the universe hasnt yet been detected. Its there, but what is it? Where is it? Scientists say that it exists as dark matter and dark energy.   The Composition of the Universe The mass that we can see is called baryonic matter.   It is the planets, galaxies, gas clouds, and clusters. The mass that cant be seen is called dark matter. There is also energy (light) that can be measured; interestingly, theres also the so-called  dark energy. and nobody has a very good idea of what that is.   So, what does make up the universe and in what percentages? Heres a breakdown of the current proportions of mass in the universe. Heavy Elements in the Cosmos First, there are the heavy elements. They make up about ~0.03% of the universe. For nearly half a billion years after the birth of the universe the only elements that existed were hydrogen and helium They arent heavy. However, after stars were born, lived, and died, the universe started getting seeded with elements heavier than hydrogen and helium that were cooked up inside stars. That happens as stars fuse hydrogen (or other elements) in their cores. Stardeath spreads all those elements to space through planetary nebulae or supernova explosions. Once they are scattered to space. they are prime material for building the next generations of stars and planets.   This is a slow process, however. Even nearly 14 billion years after its creation, the only a small fraction of the mass of the universe is made up of elements heavier than helium. Neutrinos Neutrinos are also part of the universe, although only about 0.3 percent of it. These are created during the nuclear fusion process in the cores of stars, neutrinos are nearly massless particles that travel at nearly the speed of light. Coupled with their lack of charge, their tiny masses mean that they do not interact readily with mass except for a direct impact on a nucleus. Measuring neutrinos is not an easy task. But, it has allowed scientists to get good estimates of nuclear fusion rates of our Sun and other stars, as well as an estimate of the total neutrino population in the universe. Stars When stargazers peer out into the night sky most of what the see is stars. They make up about 0.4 percent of the universe. Yet, when people look at the visible light coming from other galaxies even, most of what they see are stars. It seems odd that they make up only a small part of the universe.   Gases So, whats more, abundant than stars and neutrinos? It turns out that, at four percent, gases make up a much bigger part of the cosmos. They usually occupy the space between stars, and for that matter, the space between whole galaxies. Interstellar gas, which is mostly just free elemental hydrogen and helium makes up most of the mass in the universe that can be directly measured. These gases are detected using instruments sensitive to the radio, infrared and x-ray wavelengths. Dark Matter The second-most-abundant stuff of the universe is something that no one has seen otherwise detected. Yet, it makes up about 22 percent of the universe.  Scientists analyzing the motion (rotation) of galaxies, as well as the interaction of galaxies in galaxy clusters, found that all of the gas and dust present is not enough to explain the appearance and motions of galaxies. It turns out that 80 percent of the mass in these galaxies must be dark. That is, its not detectable in any wavelength of light, radio through gamma-ray. Thats why this stuff is called dark matter.   The identity of this mysterious mass? Unknown. The best candidate is cold dark matter, which is theorized to be a particle similar to a neutrino, but with a much greater mass. It is thought that these particles, often known as weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) arose out of thermal interactions in early galaxy formations. However, as yet we have not been able to detection dark matter, directly or indirectly, or create it in a laboratory. Dark Energy The most abundant mass of the universe is not dark matter or stars or galaxies or clouds of gas and dust. Its something called dark energy and it makes up 73 percent of the universe.   In fact, dark energy isnt (likely) even massive at all. Which makes its categorization of mass somewhat confusing.   So, what is it?   Possibly its a very strange property of space-time itself, or maybe even some unexplained (so far) energy field that permeates the entire universe. Or its neither of those things. Nobody knows. Only time and lots and lots more data will tell. Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Policy Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Policy - Term Paper Example Palestine is the land that the two factions have been fighting for ownership. The Jew asserts that Palestine is theirs based on the biblical promise. On the other hand, the Arabs claim that the land is theirs since they have continuously been staying in that place for a long time. It is an important aspect for the policy makers and the society to address the pre-existing feud so to cultivate peaceful co-existence between the two groups. The purpose of this paper is to propose relevant policies that will strengthen the United States foreign policy in the Middle East. The significance of this policy is that it will minimize instances of conflict and spread of weapons of mass demolition. The context of this paper is the prolonged boundary conflict between the Arabs and the Jews. The conflict involving the Zionist Jews and Palestine Arabs is a recent phenomenon that began in the end of the 19th century. Even though the two groups are of different religious belief, religious disparities are not the main reason of the conflict. The conflict started as a struggle over land where both groups had claimed ownership of Palestine (Primer on Palestine, Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, p.1). Before the beginning of the 20th century, majority of the Jews existing in Palestine were concentrated in four cities. They were more inclined to their religious beliefs and customs. They believed that their attachment to Palestine was religious. The further migration of the Jews from other parts of the world was due to the desire of finding their origin. Consequently, this led to the rise of the Jew population to approximately sixty thousand. At the time, the Arab population was at 683,000. The sudden rise in the number of Jew inhabitants occupying Palestine greatly provoked the Arabs (Primer on Palestine, Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict,p.5). During the period of conflict, the British government had made a number of promises to both the Arabs and Palestine. However,

Lesson Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lesson Planning - Assignment Example It is important to for the students to understand the constitution amendments in the US. This is because it will help the students understand the rights and duties that they are entitled to ones they become citizens. It is also important for the students to know that the constitution amendments will help to strengthen the US government and to help the US citizens not to let other people control them. This topic will help the students to reflect and to rethink about what is actually needed from them when they become Citizens. Question 2 The lesson plan that is ideal in teaching the amendments of the United States constitution is the Understanding by Design template (UDB). The reason why the UBD is selected is that it will help the teacher in establishing goals of his or her lesson plan, which will make the students understand better. The UDB lesson template allows the teacher to have essential questions that helps in giving the students skills and knowledge. The template has a perform ance task description that helps in checking the performance tasks that will help the students to demonstrate the desired understanding of the topic. The lesson plan template allows the teacher to give tests, quizzes, observations and academic prompts that will help the teacher see whether he or she has achieved the desired results. The Understanding by Design template will be the most effective to teach the constitution amendments in the United States because it will help in engaging the students in the study, which will lead to better understanding of the topic. Lesson plan Understanding by design Stage 1-desired results Established goal – The teacher’s goal is to make the students understand Article V of the constitution, which highlights at what circumstances the constitution to be amended. The teacher will teach the students what percentage of the Houses can make the constitution be amended. The teacher will let the students know that the constitution is amended w hen it is ratified by three quarter of the legislatures of several states. The students will also be taught that constitution can be amended if it is ratified by three quarters of the Conventions, or congress may propose the mode of ratification. The students should be in position to explain, what constitution amendment is and at what terms can a constitution be amended (Wiggins & Tighe,1998). Understanding- The teacher will try to ensure that every student understands the Article V of the constitution. This will be achieved by the teacher moving at a slow rate, which will aim at teaching every student in the class including the slow learners. The teacher will enhance this by repeating his points well and by asking general questions, randomly. The general random questions will be asked to the bright, average and poor students, which will help the teacher in accessing how the students have understood the lesson (Wiggins & Tighe, 1998). Related misconception – The teacher will make sure that the students understand that no state that will be deprived its equal suffrage they have in the state without its consent. The teacher will also make the students understand that the mode of ratification that the congress proposes can only take place if there is no amendment made prior to the year 1888. Essential questions – What is constitution amendment? What percentage of the congress of the Houses is required for the constitution to be amended ? Knowledge- Students will understand the constitution amendment. The students will understand the circumstances under which the constitution will be amended. The students wil

Social Imapct of Photography Essay Example for Free

Social Imapct of Photography Essay In politics, images have always made governments very nervous because of their powerfully persuasive and propagandistic potentialities. (In 1835 – before photography – the Emperor Louis-Philippe banned caricatures, describing them as ‘acts of violence’ too dangerous to go unchecked†¦) Then along came the photographic image: swift, visceral, intense, realistic, and clothed in an authenticity unlike any mode of illustration before. Not even a masterpiece painting possessed the lifelike and painfully truthful nature so capable of producing responses resembling human reactions to actual sight of people, things, places and situations. If (as described) pen and line illustrations and painting and sculpture evoked varied and often violent responses from especially the Church and State, photographs made both these Institutions more nervous still. Still today, photographs are feared by politicians. In South African Israeli and Chinese histories, not to speak of American and European ones, proves of  this ‘nervousness’ (to put it mildly!) can be found. Prohibitions against photographs testify directly to their power. Suppression works†¦ The existence of certain photographs in our own recent history have changed and re-directed the courses of whole nations. Likewise, the absence of photographs can have great consequences. This is illustrated by the following: In India, in 1946, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the leader of the then Moslem League, was diagnosed, through X-ray photography, as having severe tuberculosis. He had only about two or three years to live†¦ Yet, he swore his doctor to secrecy concerning the state of his health. The X-rays were locked away, and he continued his work towards the creation of the Moslem State of Pakistan, which he successfully accomplished in August of 1947. It is surmised that had his sickness become known (as borne out by the X-ray photographs) his political support might not have been strong enough to result in the establishment of Pakistan†¦ In this, the very late 20th century, we know full well (from first hand experience) the influence – both positive and negative – of photography. In fact: almost like an addict is under the influence of his drug, so are we (as Citizens of the World) under the constant, unrelenting influence of photographs. Photography came into a world that was already crazy about pictures and drove it positively ‘mad’. We have become collectively addicted. Photographs took up residence in our daily lives; they moved in, and they practically took over. It is now indeed impossible to imagine life without them†¦ Photographs sell newspapers and magazines. This is a truth that became evident already in 1842 with The Illustrated London News, the world’s first (at first non-photographic) illustrated magazine. It was a weekly magazine. Others followed in vast numbers, so that when photography arrived, the scene was already set for its use. Until the 1890’s, all of the illustrations were lithographs and engravings, but from about this time onwards, the halftone, and photography took over. In one week in 1899, The Illustrated London News carried twenty-eight photographs and only nineteen drawings. And this led to the inevitable happening: Photographs soon became superabundant, transient and superfluous, as, perhaps, some say, it still is today. A photograph has power only if the right people see it in the right context at the right time. It must answer some need, belief, and expectations of its times. If the audience is not ready for the message, the image may be seen, but the message will not be recognized. (Like telling a child about sex when he or she is too young to understand; they hear what their age permits, and ignore the rest!). Certain categories can be created corresponding to the types of photograph and what kind of influence they exert – revelation, proof, political persuasion, social reform, etc. – but these categories are not rigid and necessarily exclusive to a photograph of a different category. These are the suggested categories, as identified by Vicky Goldberg in her book, The Power of Photography (Goldberg, G. 1991. The power of photography. New York: Abbeville Press). 1. The photograph as a proof and witness. 2. The photograph as a revelation of discovery. 3. The photograph as a detective. 4. The photograph as a political tool. 5. The photograph as a recorder of fame and celebrity. 6. The photograph as an icon. 7.The photograph as a medium for social reform. 8.The photograph as catalyst. This lecture comes to you as an adaptation and very much condensed interpretation of the Introduction from the abovementioned book. Acknowledgement is hereby given. Also: See it as an introduction to Assignment 06. (Refer to the separate Assignment Briefing). I have scanned and converted to pdf my copy of the book. See the additional pdf document file titled ‘vic200s 2014_p09_additional’.

The Sedition Act of 1798 :: Government American History Papers

For the first few years of Constitutional government, under the leadership of George Washington, there was a unity, commonly called Federalism that even James Madison (the future architect of the Republican Party) acknowledged in describing the Republican form of government-- " And according to the degree of pleasure and pride we feel in being republicans, ought to be our zeal in cherishing the spirit and supporting the character of Federalists." Although legislators had serious differences of opinions, political unity was considered absolutely essential for the stability of the nation.Political parties or factions were considered evil as "Complaints are everywhere heard from our most considerate and virtuous citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith, and of public and personal liberty, that our governments are too unstable, that the public good is disregarded in the conflicts of rival parties, and that measures are too often decided, not according to the rules of justice and the rights of the minor party, but by the superior force of an interested and overbearing majority_" Public perception of factions were related to British excesses and thought to be "the mortal diseases under which popular governments have everywhere perished." James Madison wrote in Federalist Papers #10, "By a faction, I understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or a minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adversed to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community." He went on to explain that faction is part of human nature; "that the CAUSES of faction cannot be removed, and that relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its EFFECTS." The significant point Madison was to make in this essay was that the Union was a safeguard against factions in that even if "the influence of factious leaders may kindle a flame within their particular States, [they will be] unable to spread a general conflagration through the other States." What caused men like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to defy tradition and public perceptions against factions and build an opposition party? Did they finally agree with Edmund Burkes' famous aphorism: "When bad men combine, the good must associate; else they will fall, one by one, an unpitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle?" Did the answer lie in their opposition with the agenda of Alexander Hamilton and the increases of power both to the executive branch as well as the legislative branch of government?

Network Case Study Essay

1. Which of the following is true about a TCP/IP network? A) The network uses only standards defined in TCP/IP RFCs. 2. Which of the following terms is not a common synonym for TCP/IP model? (Choose two answers.) D) TCP/IP mapping and C) Ethernet 3. Think generically about the idea of a networking standard, ignoring any particular standard or standards group. Which of the following is typically true of a standard? (Choose two answers.) B) It exists as a deployed network device, which people can visit on the Internet. C) It has been passed through some form of review and approval or certification process. 4. Contrast an international standard as compared to a de facto standard. (Choose two answers.) B) International standard documents have been reviewed more thoroughly. D) International standards typically mean that the standards group has been authorized by many countries to create standards that apply to multiple countries. 5. Which of the following are true about the commonly used version of the TCP/IP model as shown in this chapter? (Choose two answers.) C) The physical layer sits just below the data link layer. D). The network layer sits in the middle of the five layers. 6. The TCP/IP model refers to standards other than those the IETF defines in RFCs. Which of these standards groups is typically the source of external LAN standards? (Choose two answers.) A) ITU B) IEEE 7. Which of the following is not a typical reason for a group of ten companies to start a vendor group, for the purpose of pushing a new networking technology? C) To improve the chances that the technology will be standardized 8. The TCP/IP and OSI models have some obvious differences, like the number of layers. Think about the more commonly used version of the TCP/IP model discussed in this chapter, and then think about how to talk about TCP/IP using OSI terms. Which of the following is a correctly phrased statement for how to use OSI terminology? B) IP is a network layer protocol. 9. Historically, which of the following models were the earliest models used in corporate networks? A) Vendor models 10. Which of the following statements is true when comparing the OSI and the TCP/IP mode l as defined in RFC 1122? B) The lower four layers of TCP/IP define the same kinds of functions as the matching layer numbers from OSI. 11. A network engineer connects two PCs (PC1 and PC2) using Ethernet NICs and an Ethernet cable that has copper wires inside. The two PCs communicate successfully. Which of  the following happens when PC1 sends bits to PC2? D)PC1 converts the bits to sound waves, and the NIC uses an A/D converter to send the data over the cable. 12. A TCP/IP network includes an Ethernet LAN with 10 PCs uses a LAN switch. PC1 sends data intended for an app running on PC2. Which of the following mechanisms does Ethernet define so that PC2 receives and processes the data? A)The Ethernet header lists PC2’s MAC address so that PC2 will realize that the data is meant for PC2. 13. Two network pros are having a conversation about some issues in a network. They discuss some issues related to how PPP forwards data, so they happen to be discussing the data structure that includes the PPP header and trailer. Which of the following terms do they use? B) Packet 14. Which of the following are true facts about IP addresses? (Choose two answers.) C) Are listed in the data-link trailer D) Used by routers to make a forwarding decision 15. Which of the following answers is true about Ethernet MAC addresses? A) 48 bits in length C) Are listed in the data-link trailer 16. Which of the following statements is true comparing LANs and WANs? (Choose two answers.) A) LANs generally connect devices that are nearer to each other, compared to WANs. D) LANs are purchased, and WANs are leased. 17. Which of the following answers list true facts about the data link layer of TCP/IP? (Choose two answers.) B) Two TCP/IP data-link protocols are Ethernet and PPP. C) Data-link protocols define addresses that identify devices connected to the underlying physical link. 18. Which of the following answers list true facts about the network layer of TCP/IP? (Choose two answers.) B) The two primary protocols are TCP and IP. C) IP provides logical addressing and routing ser vices 19. Which of the following answers lists true facts about the transport layer of TCP/IP? B) The two primary protocol options are TCP and IP. C) TCP provides error recovery services to application layer protocols that use TCP. 20. A PC user opens a web browser and sends a request to a web server to load a new web page. Three routers forward the data as it passes from client to server. Consider the data plus all headers and trailers that go from the web client to the web server. Which of the following headers go all the way from the web client to the web server? (Choose three answers.) A)Data-link header B) Network layer header C) Transport layer header

The internal stakeholders refer to the employees

The current business environment is characterized by a considerable level of competitive rivalry and as a result businesses have to constantly reengineer their internal operations in order to build and maintain a competitive advantage.In this respect, a business organization has three strategies at its disposal: differentiation, cost minimization and focus. However the effectiveness of these strategies depends on effective communications between the internal stakeholders and the external stakeholders.The internal stakeholders refer to the employees and the top management while the external stakeholders are the channel members such as the customers, the distribution intermediaries and the suppliers. The top management in a business organization has to coordinate between the different stakeholder groups in order to maximize operational efficiency.This is particularly relevant in the case of international business which is characterized by differing customer tastes and preferences acros s political boundaries. As a result, integrated marketing communications are the critical success factors in building and maintaining a competitive advantage.A business organization has three strategies at its disposal: differentiation, cost minimization and focus (cited in Chanaron & Jolly, 1999).In order to make these strategies effective, the management of a business organization has to conduct marketing programs on a periodic basis so that customer tastes and preferences can be tracked. For this reason, marketing is essential to improving business performance.In this respect, the high state of competitive rivalry means that achieving sustainability in competitive advantages is no longer simple. For this reason, organizational structures have to be maintained flexible (cited in Culpan, 1989).This allows the organization to adapt to changing circumstance in the market. However the management must have information about market dynamics in the first place. For this reason marketing metrics must be developed and according to these metrics performance measures must be developed.Marketing shapes consumer needs and wants through efficient application of the 4Ps of marketing. The four Ps are price, product, place and promotion (cited in Hitt, 2007). Marketing managers can make use of the 4 Ps to manipulate consumer needs and wants because consumers are not always aware of their own needs.Therefore it is left to the marketing manager to determine what needs are hidden and then to develop the products that would satisfy those needs (cited in Greenley, 1989). In this manner, the marketing manager creates both fresh needs and wants.For example, computer users did not know that they needed a graphical user interface until Microsoft introduced the concept (cited in Kotler & Armstrong, 2005). In this case the need was user-friendliness in operating computer applications. By identifying this need, Microsoft created Windows which created the consumer want. Consumers wanted Windows to satisfy their need for user-friendly computing experience.This example serves to illustrate that the marketing manager can certainly shape consumer needs and wants. He can do so by collecting information about the market and by forecasting future market demands based on this information.Collecting information about the market takes place through market research. This information enables the marketing manager to conduct market segmentation effectively. Market segmentation facilitates target marketing.The marketing manager shapes consumer needs and wants through the process of target marketing. The four Ps serve as the tools with which to conduct target marketing. In Microsoft’s example, the product was given the features of a graphical user interface in order to enhance user-friendliness of the product.The pricing method followed was the value-in-use pricing. Considerable expenditures were made in promotion in order to illustrate to the consumers how they could bene fit from using the product.Finally, place was attended to in the form of product bundling in which IBM personal computers were packaged with a version of Windows, thus facilitating product availability. The strategy at the heart of Windows’ campaign was product differentiation and through this strategy Microsoft shaped the needs and wants of the IT market.The marketing manager has to monitor the stage of the product lifecycle. He has to maintain the product in the growth stage because either in the maturity or the decline stage, the product will have to be discontinued (cited in Dess, 2007).However the threat of competitive rivalry means that the marketing manager will have to constantly introduce new features into the product in order to maintain it in the growth stage. In this respect, the marketing manager is shaping consumer needs and wants by differentiating product features in line with his reading of unstated needs in the market. However with effective market research, the market manager can also create wants unaccompanied by any needs.This is the phenomenon of consumerism which leads to purchases for the purpose of personal satisfaction and not to satisfy any actual needs (cited in Martin, 1985). Consumerism is an example of the way in which marketing shapes consumer needs and wants.Because of the high state of competitive rivalry, businesses must conduct the continuous improvement program. This means that managing change on a continuous basis becomes a critical success factor (cited in Zineldin, 2000).However, as mentioned before, the challenge in making change work is to maintain alignment with the strategic focus of the company. This alignment cannot be maintained unless employees are involved in the process.Most change management projects fail because of employee resistance (cited in Aaker, 2004). Employees are unwilling to give up traditional practices in which they had built up a considerable level of experience and expertise.For this reas on the top management must involve the employees when it comes to implementing change. However involvement of the employees must depend on external market conditions which will set the direction of change. In other words, the perspectives of learning and growth and internal business processes must be aligned to the customer perspective (cited in Bank, 1993). This illustrates the importance of marketing to the rest of the organization.Because of the fast change in the current business environment, businesses can no longer continue to conduct their operations as before. For this reason they need a forward-looking performance management system which creates an evolving framework of metrics for performance measurement. That is why the balanced scorecard is valuable management tool.However the effectiveness of this tool can only be maintained with marketing because marketing enables the management to assess the future direction of demand patterns according to which internal processes can be reengineered. Even though employees are the most important assets of an organization, they are only relevant to the extent that they are able to satisfy market needs. So marketing is critical to improving business performance.As mentioned before, the current business environment is characterized by a considerable level of competitive rivalry. This means that businesses have to constantly reengineer their internal operations in order to build and maintain a competitive advantage (cited in Grover & Kettinger, 2008). Therefore the process of managing change becomes a critical success factor.When it comes to managing change involving a techno-structural intervention, the strategic alignment process becomes relevant. This alignment process takes place between four areas: IT strategy, business strategy, organizational issues and information systems issues (cited in Stair & Reynolds, 2007). IT strategy is the process of selecting the best software and hardware platform while business s trategy refers to the financing strategy.Organizational issues refer to the employees’ skills sets while the information systems issues refer to the knowledge management system. In this respect, the alignment process cannot be achieved effectively unless there is an efficient and effective communications structure.Employees are the most important assets of an organization and therefore the top management has to focus on creating the best possible working conditions (cited in Armstrong, 2005). In this respect, the critical consideration is to create an efficient and effective performance management system. This is so because the strategic focus of an organization should be to align employee interests to organizational interests.Therefore the management has to build a communications structure which will indicate to the employees as to which behavioral aspects are desired by the top management. In this respect, the learning contract becomes relevant. The learning contract is a d ocument which specifies the activities that will be taken in order to attain a learning goal.The learning contract is an example of integrated marketing communications because it represents an agreement between different stakeholder groups such as the employees, their immediate managers and the external stakeholders (cited in Ross & Perry, 2002). The advantage of this learning process is that the learning goals are aligned to the strategic focus of the organization.Organizations in the current business environment have to maintain a continuous improvement program. As mentioned before, this refers to the process of managing change.However when it comes to managing change, integrated marketing communications become more important than ever because employee resistance is the main reason behind the failures of most change management projects (cited in Hoyle, 2007).Therefore the most important aspect when it comes to managing change is that the top management has to stay in constant comm unications with the employees in order to promote the cause of change. In this respect, the management must determine how the change is aligned to enhancing the strategic focus of the company.Once this alignment has been facilitated, the management can communicate with the employees to promote the potential of higher productivity as a result of the change. The main reason behind employee resistance to change is that the employees will have to learn news ways of conducting the operational processes.Integrated marketing communications are critical when it comes to building a culture based on ownership, responsibility and accountability (cited in Besterfield, 2002). As mentioned before, organizations have the three strategies of differentiation, cost minimization and focus.The problem with implementing these three strategies is that they create competitive advantages that are not sustainable. As mentioned before, the current business environment is characterized by a fast pace of chang e driven by both technological sophistication and managerial developments. Therefore achieving sustainability is the critical success factor (cited in Shannon, 1999).However that objective cannot be met with the aforementioned three strategies because the competitor organizations can copy these strategies quickly in order to create similar operational improvements and thus the competitive advantage is gone quickly.As a result, the management must create an organizational structure which can be the source of a sustainable competitive advantage (cited in Higgins, 1972).This organizational structure is based on a specific cultural orientation which can be built through integrated marketing communications.Integrated marketing communications are critical to building a culture based on innovation and learning. In order to maintain innovations, the management of the company has to conduct training and development programs on a periodic basis.However the problem with formal training and dev elopment programs is that they cannot anticipate all the issues that are likely to arise in the actual business environment. An additional problem is to create a framework which can assess the return on investment in these training and development programs.These problems are avoided with the learning contracts. This is because in the learning contract the learning outcomes are individually negotiated between the learner and the teacher.Therefore the learning outcomes are directly tied to the strategic focus of the organization. In this respect the learner, the employee, is in the best position to determine the training needs while the teacher, the manager, is in the best position to determine whether these needs can be aligned to the strategic focus of the organization.Integrated marketing communications also involve external channel members. This can be illustrated with the case of Dell Inc (cited in Leseure & Brookes, 2004). The computer hardware manufacturer implements the e-comm erce business model.This facilitates the direct distribution model which enables the company to eliminate distribution intermediaries from the value chain. In this manner, the company has managed to implement the cost minimization strategy effectively. However in order to maintain this effectiveness, the company has to coordinate closely with the suppliers in order to ensure that the needed components are delivered timely to the factory floor.In this respect, the integrated marketing communications take place in the form of information sharing. The information sharing network enables the company to share demand forecasts with the suppliers so that they can maintain their own inventory accordingly (cited in Fred, 2006).Implementing this system has enabled Dell to achieve the highest level of inventory turnover in the industry. The success that Dell has had in creating a market leadership position would not have been possible without integrated marketing communications.Integrated mark eting communications become even more important when it comes to international business. When it comes to globalizing operations, a business organization has three strategies at its disposal: acquisitions, joint ventures and Greenfield projects.Depending on the level of cultural differentiation, the international business can select one of these strategies when it comes to globalization. However those companies which focus on maintaining a particular cultural orientation adopt the strategy of Greenfield projects because it allows them to recreate the same organizational structure as there is in the home country.In this respect delegation of authority becomes a critical consideration because companies must customize their strategies to align with the local cultural attributes. In this respect, the issues of standardization and customization become important. However in order to address these issues effectively, integrated marketing communications become critical. In this respect, the management must communicate with different stakeholders.For both public and private sector organizations, adopting the strategy of integrated marketing communications is a vital component of improving operational effectiveness in terms of maximizing the value of each dollar spent. According to the traditional framework, different marketing activities are conducted in separate silos.However there is no need to maintain separate silos as the different marketing programs are communicating with the same target market (cited in Raffee & Kreutzer, 1989). Therefore the result is duplication of efforts and the waste of resources.In order to make the communications process effective, the separate silos have to conduct market research activities. As a result the activities are being duplicated across the organization. In this framework, the strategy of spending is not in alignment with the strategic focus of the organization.In order to create this alignment, the management in both public an d private sector organizations must conduct integrated marketing communications. This means that different departments across the organization are coordinating their marketing efforts and therefore expenditures are not being duplicatedIn conducting integrated marketing communications, the process of internal benchmarking becomes effective (cited in Chandra, 1993).According to the process of internal benchmarking, the different departments within an organization compare internal processes to identify those which are producing the best results. In this respect, a database of best practices is developed and these best practices are implemented throughout the organization, thus organizational effectiveness is maximized.The process is relevant when it comes to conducting integrated marketing communications. In this respect, different departments can compare their success rates in terms of communicating with the public via different promotional media and thus consolidate the operations in terms of focusing only on those media which have been producing the best results.This maximizes operational effectiveness not only in terms of minimizing costs but also in terms of maximizing the effectiveness of promotional messages that are sent to the target market.In order to make the process of integrated marketing communications effective, the management has to conduct market research in order to facilitate the process of market segmentation (cited in Omachonu & Ross, 2004). The process of market segmentation enables a business organization to determine the stakeholders in terms of their demographics and psychographics so that specific needs can be addressed in the communications process.However as the case of Dell Inc. illustrates, the advent of the Internet has changed the communications process fundamentally. The advent of the Internet means that the consumers are inundated with information. Therefore both private and public sector organizations have to work harder in orde r to grip the consumers’ minds.In addressing this difficulty, integrated marketing communications are the critical success factors. This is because the modern business organization has a knowledge management system which maintains information on the different promotional media that are being applied. Integrated marketing communications enable the management to capitalize on this knowledge management system.In order to maximize the effectiveness of integrated marketing communications, both private and public sector organizations have to develop unique positioning strategies. This means identifying the needs of the target market because an effective positioning strategy must address these needs. However because the consumers are inundated with information from all kinds of media, it is difficult for an organization to get their attention.Therefore the organization must broadcast its message in such a manner that it will grab the audience’s attention immediately. This obj ective can only be met through integrated marketing communications because under this framework, the different departments are coordinating their activities so that a variety of promotional strategies can be synergistically combined (cited in George & Weimerskirch, 1998).This maximizes the efficiency of the communications process. Therefore the process has to start with identifying the needs of the audience. Once these needs have been identified, the management can create an effective positioning strategy (cited in Goetsch & Davis, 2003).The effectiveness of integrated marketing communications lies in the fact that consumers are indifferent as to which source of information the message is coming from. They certainly do not discriminate between different promotional media. Yet it is only through broadcasting through different promotional media that a private or a public sector organization can get the message across to its audience (cited in Pearlson & Saunders, 2007).Therefore the d ifferent departments in an organization must coordinate in order to send a consistent message using different promotional media. Therefore the process of integrated marketing communications also ensures that a consistent message is delivered to the audience.This strengthens the positioning strategy of the company. This is a critical consideration in the current business environment which is characterized by a considerable level of competitive rivalry which drowns the market in information in the form of promotional campaigns. This creates a challenge for public sector organizations which must engineer an integrated marketing communication process to cut through the staticFor both private and public sector organizations, marketing communications are the vitals tools of ensuring the viability of their operations. This has been long recognized. Therefore all organizations are conducting the communications process in one form or another. However particularly in public sector organizatio ns the communications process is highly fragmented across different departments.As a result, the same organization may be transmitting different messages to its target audience. These inconsistencies can be eliminated through the integrated marketing communications process which is essentially a process of addressing the needs of the stakeholders by targeting them with the same message across a number of different promotional media. Therefore the process has to be driven by the needs of the audience.Depending on the needs and the segmentation characteristics of the audience, the private or public sector organization has to develop the message and select the right promotional media.ReferencesAaker, David A. (2004). Strategic Market Management. McGraw Hill/Irwin.Armstrong, Michael. (2005). Strategic Human Resource Management. Prentice Hall.Bank, John. (1993). The Essence of Total Quality Management. McGraw Hill.Besterfield, Dale H., et al. (2002). Total Quality Management. McGraw Hill /Irwin.Chanaron, Jean-Jacques & Dominique Jolly 1999, ‘Technological management: expanding the perspective of management of technology ’, Management Decision, 37, pp 23-43.Chandra, Mahesh 1993, ‘Total quality management in management development’, Journal of management development, 12, pp 12-15.Culpan, Refik 1989, ‘Leadership styles and human resource management: a content analysis of popular management writings’ Management Decision, 27, pp 43-54.Dess, Gregory G., et al. (2007). Strategic Management: Creating Competitive Advantage.McGraw Hill/Irwin.Fred, David. (2006). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. Prentice Hall.George, Stephen, and Arnold Weimerskirch. (1998). Total quality management:Strategies and Techniques Proven at Today’s Most Successful Companies. South western college pub.Goetsch, David L. and Stanley B. Davis. (2003). Quality Management: Introduction to Total Quality Management for Production, Processing and Service s. Wiley.Greenley, Gordon E 1989, ‘An understanding of marketing strategy’ European Journal of Marketing, 19, pp 12-16.Grover, Varun and William J. Kettinger. (2008). Business Process Change:Reengineering Concepts, Methods and Technologies. Prentice Hall.Higgins, J. C. 1972, ‘Management information systems and the management scientist’,Management Decision, 10, pp 32-35.Hitt, Michael A., et al. (2007). Strategic Management Concepts. Wiley.Hoyle, David. (2007). Quality Management Essentials. Prentice Hall.Kotler, Philip., and Gary Armstrong. (2005). Principles of Marketing. Prentice Hall.Leseure, Michel J & Naomi J Brookes 2004, ‘Knowledge management benchmarks for project management ’, Journal of knowledge management, 8, pp 10-14.Martin, Charles L 1985, ‘Delineating the boundaries of marketing’ European Journal of Marketing, 19, pp 12-16.Omachonu, Vincent K. and Joel E. Ross. (2004). Principles of Total Quality. Prentice Hall.Pearls on, Keri E., and Carol S. Saunders. (2007). Managing & Using Information Systems.South western college pub.Raffee, Hans & Ralf T. Kreutzer 1989, ‘Organizational dimensions of global marketing’, Journal of knowledge management, 23, pp 6-14.Ross, Joel E. and Susan Perry. (2002). Total Quality Management: Text, Cases, Readings. Wiley.Shannon, J Richard 1999, ‘Sports marketing: an examination of academic marketing publication’ Journal of Services Marketing, 13, pp 19-23.Stair, Ralph., and George Reynolds. (2007). Fundamentals of Information Systems.McGraw Hill/Irwin.Zineldin, Mosad 2000, ‘Beyond relationship marketing: technologicalship marketing’Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 18, pp 32-34. Â  

Free Essays on Industrial Revolution Dbq

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. More good than bad The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the movement in which machines changed people's way of life as well as their methods of manufacture. About the time of the American Revolution, English People began to use machines to make cloth and steam engines to run the machines. Later they invented locomotives. Productivity began a steep climb. By 1850 most Englishmen were laboring in industrial towns and Great Britain had become the workshop of the world. From Britain the Industrial Revolution spread gradually throughout Europe and to the United States. The most important of the changes that the Industrial Revolution improved were: 1. The invention of machines to do the work of hand tools. 2. The use of steam, and later of other kinds of power, in place of the muscles. 3. The adoption of the factory system. The Industrial Revolution came gradually. However, when measured against the centuries people had worked entirely by hand, it happened in a short span of time. Until the inventions of the flying shuttle in 1733 and the spinning jenny in 1764, the making of yarn and the weaving of cloth had been much the same for thousands of years. By 1800 a host of new and faster processes were in use in both manufacture and transportation. (Doc 7) Several systems of making goods had grown up by the time of the Industrial Revolution. In country districts families produced most of the supplies that they used, while in the cities merchandise was made in shops, and manufacturing was strictly regulated by the guilds and by the government. The goods made in these shops were limited and costly. The merchants needed cheaper items, as well as larger quantities, for their growing trade. They had to establish another system of producing goods. The cottage or domestic industry filled in the gap for some time, because it gave the merchant a large supply of manufactured articles at a low price. It pro... Free Essays on Industrial Revolution Dbq Free Essays on Industrial Revolution Dbq THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. More good than bad The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the movement in which machines changed people's way of life as well as their methods of manufacture. About the time of the American Revolution, English People began to use machines to make cloth and steam engines to run the machines. Later they invented locomotives. Productivity began a steep climb. By 1850 most Englishmen were laboring in industrial towns and Great Britain had become the workshop of the world. From Britain the Industrial Revolution spread gradually throughout Europe and to the United States. The most important of the changes that the Industrial Revolution improved were: 1. The invention of machines to do the work of hand tools. 2. The use of steam, and later of other kinds of power, in place of the muscles. 3. The adoption of the factory system. The Industrial Revolution came gradually. However, when measured against the centuries people had worked entirely by hand, it happened in a short span of time. Until the inventions of the flying shuttle in 1733 and the spinning jenny in 1764, the making of yarn and the weaving of cloth had been much the same for thousands of years. By 1800 a host of new and faster processes were in use in both manufacture and transportation. (Doc 7) Several systems of making goods had grown up by the time of the Industrial Revolution. In country districts families produced most of the supplies that they used, while in the cities merchandise was made in shops, and manufacturing was strictly regulated by the guilds and by the government. The goods made in these shops were limited and costly. The merchants needed cheaper items, as well as larger quantities, for their growing trade. They had to establish another system of producing goods. The cottage or domestic industry filled in the gap for some time, because it gave the merchant a large supply of manufactured articles at a low price. It pro...

Auditory Learning Strategies and Characteristics

Auditory Learning Strategies and Characteristics Do you prefer lectures over long reading assignments? Are you great at following verbal directions? Do you benefit from in-class discussions and receive great marks for class participation? If so, you may be an auditory learner. Auditory learning is one of the  three learning styles  established by the VAK model of learning. In essence, auditory learners retain information best when it is presented through sound and speech. Auditory learners generally remember what their teacher says and readily participate in class. They are good listeners and often very social, which means they can sometimes get distracted from the lesson by everything else going on in the classroom. Auditory learning methods range from studying with voice recordings to memorizing vocabulary words by inventing short songs. Strengths of Auditory Learners From kindergarten to calculus class, auditory learners will be some of the most engaged and responsive members of any classroom. Here are some of the strengths that will help them achieve success in the classroom: Good at explaining ideas out loudKnack for understanding changes in tone of voiceSkilled at oral reports and class presentationsUnafraid to speak up in classFollows verbal directions wellEffective member of study groupsGifted storytellerAble to work through complex problems by talking out loud Auditory Learning Strategies Those with an auditory learning style like to speak and hear others speak in order to learn, but they may have trouble reading silently or staying engaged in a completely quiet classroom. If you are an auditory learner, try these strategies to improve your learning experience. Find a study buddy. Team up with a study group or a reliable study partner and quiz each other on the content. Verbally reinforcing the information will help you retain it, especially if you have to memorize lots of details.Record class lectures. Ask your instructors permission to create audio recordings of class lectures. During class, focus your brain power on listening closely to the lecture. Youll process the information much better this way than if you try to jot down every word the teacher says. Later, you can listen back to the recording and take notes on the most important information.Sit near the front of the room. Find a spot in the front row so that you can hear every word of the lecture.Listen to classical music. Listen to lyric-free music while you study. (Music with lyrics may be too distracting.)Participate in class discussions as much as possible. Talking about your ideas and voicing your questions will increase your understanding of the material. Encourage other stud ents when they speak so that others feel just as comfortable as you do speaking in front of a group.   Record yourself reading key terms and their definitions out loud. Then, listen to the recording while you walk to class, exercise, or get ready for bed.Repeat facts with your eyes closed. This technique will help you focus your attention on the auditory process, rather than any other visual stimuli that might be in front of you.Read assignments out loud. If youre given a homework assignment that involves reading a lengthy chapter, dont feel like youre trapped into a silent reading session. Instead, curl up in your room or another study space and read aloud to yourself. (You can even make it interesting by using goofy voices.) Auditory Learning Tips for Teachers Auditory learners need to listen, speak, and interact in order to learn. They are often social butterflies. Help the auditory learners in your class put their gift of gab to good use with these teaching strategies. Call on auditory learners to answer questions.Lead class discussions and reward class participation.During lectures, ask auditory learners to repeat ideas in their own words.Record your lectures so that auditory learners can listen to them more than once.Allow any struggling auditory learner to take an oral exam instead of a written one.Create lesson plans that include a social element, such as paired readings, group work, experiments, projects, and performances.Modulate your vocal tone, inflection, and body language during lectures.Allow students with an auditory learning style to listen to approved music during silent study periods.

Environmental Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental Justice - Essay Example These stakeholders formed the EJ work group. The EJ desired outcome was the reclamation and reuse of the Airfield site at Metlakatla Peninsula and enhance more efficient use of resources in the community. This was achieved through the cleanup of the abandoned facilities, debris and contamination left by former airfield site. The EJ work group was concerned with the impact of the site on health, food supply, and the economy in general. The group was therefore concerned with the elimination of the contamination of the site through cleanup activities. To achieve the desired outcome, some factors were considered. First, consultations and outreach was carried out by the MOU workgroup in order to involve all members in cleanup partnership (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2003). Local MIC residents were also hired to conduct cleanup activities. Enhanced teamwork was also considered to achieve the success of the cleanup. One of the values considered in the cleanup was cooperation in the cleanup process. The MOU workgroup encouraged cooperation and effective coordination. Another value is health and food supply concern among community members. All members were determined to improve their health and food supply for the people. Another value that the team would have considered was philanthropy. This would allow the rich people within the group to offer their resources for the cleanup exercise. One of the obstacles of the partnership was lack of full coordination across the MOU work group members. They had inadequate funding, and the environmental policies varied. These issues affected the allocation of responsibility for cleanup process (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2003). It was also difficult to determine what constitutes a clean site. Another obstacle that can be predicted is the impact of natural disasters and weather changes. The stakeholders involved in this EJ partnership were the West Harlem