Major Depressive Disorder: Theories and Therapies Essay

1. Major Depressive Disorder Definition and Symptoms Major Depressive Disorder may be diagnosed as one or more episodes of a Major Depressive Episode. Symptoms of a major depressive episode include depressed mood, diminished interest or pleasure in activities, weight changes, sleep problems, slowing of speech or agitation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness and/or guilt, difficulties in thinking, concentrating, or indecisiveness, and thoughts of death, suicide, or suicide attempts. These symptoms are not due to another medical or psychological reason, and they cause clinically significant distress or functional impairment. 4th ed. , text rev. ; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) The cause of depression is not completely understood. It is, most likely, a combination of reasons, which may include chemical imbalances in the brain, psychological, or environmental factors, and genetics. Severe life stressors, such as divorce, or job loss, often contribute to depression. In a twelve month period, 6. 7% of the U. S. population is depressed. Of those that are depressed, 30. 4% are severe, or 2. 0% of the total U. S. population. Lifetime prevalence in the U.  S. is 16. 5% of the population. (National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Prevalence) Women are 70% more likely than men to experience depression during their lifetime. (NIMH, Demographics) The National Institute of Mental Health also reports that Blacks are 40% less likely than Whites, to experience depression in their lifetime. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the total number of years a person may lose to illness, disability, or death. They have rated Unipolar Depression number one in diseases and disorders, with a loss of 10. years, well above heart disease and cancer. (NIMH, Leading Individual Diseases/Disorders) 2. Cognitive Theory and Symbolic Interaction Theory of Major Depressive Disorder Cognitive Theory (CT) Early negative experiences are overgeneralized and become a part of one’s schema. The theory, developed by Beck, asserts that one’s negative and dysfunctional view of one’s self leads to depression. Thought distortions, such as absolute thinking, selective abstraction, and personalization, set one up for failure, and perpetuate the negative thinking, leading to depression. Maladaptive thinking and behavior may be learned or caused by inexperience. Symbolic Interaction Theory (SIT) A person gives meanings to objects, experiences, and to self. Social interaction with others helps to define those meanings. Symbols and meanings develop and change over time. Self-conception comes from one’s social interactions with other’s, and how one believes the other person perceives them. If a person believes others are looking at them and judging them negatively, self perception is negative. Depression is caused by negative thinking and perceptions. Etiology: Compare and Contrast In both Cognitive Theory and Symbolic Interaction Theory, dysfunctional and negative thinking about self, form the basis for the depression. Both theories involve thoughts and feelings formed from internal and external stimuli. In both theories, beliefs are based on interpretations rather than reality. In CT, the depression is more self centered and self inflicted. It is more internally based and controlled, while SI depends more on negative external stimuli. Symbolic Interaction Theory adds the concept of interaction with others, while Cognitive Theory does not. Cognitive Theory suggests cognition and behavior are learned and built upon, while Symbolic Interaction Theory suggests thoughts and actions taking place in the present and are dynamic, changing according to the present experience. Dynamics: Compare and Contrast Cognitive Theory and Symbolic Interaction Theory both assert that beliefs about self will strongly determine the way the individual behaves. CT and SIT both assert that people process external information and then apply it to themselves. Both involve irrational thinking. In both theories, the epressed person makes thought leaps, assumptions that are not supported. In Cognitive Theory, one may assume that because they had a negative experience in one situation, it will always be experienced the same way. In Symbolic Interaction Theory one may assume that an interaction with a person, or certain types of people will always be the same. CT may involve a situation the person experiences alone or with others, while SIT naturally would include interaction with others. Cognitive Theory of Depression builds and grows stronger with each negative experience, while Symbolic Interaction is more in the present. The negative and distorted thoughts of a depressed person are reactionary. c. Motivation for change: Compare and Contrast In Cognitive Theory and Symbolic Interaction Theory, motivation for change would include the need for love, support, and interaction with others. We are social beings and need that interaction. Depression separates one from others because it becomes mentally and physically difficult to function. With that separation comes confirmation of the distorted, negative self beliefs. Ruminations drag the depressed person further away from truth (cognitive) and people (interaction). Major Depression is not an illness one can pull out of alone. Although it would be possible without professional help, it wouldn’t be possible without other people. There would be no purpose to change. In Cognitive Theory, motivation for change would include a positive self image and the ability to enjoy one’s life. Motivation for change in Symbolic Interaction Theory would include positive self image and enjoying one’s life, as well as rejoining society, and having a positive impact on others. 3. Major Depressive Disorder Interventions  According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) practice guidelines, acute phase treatment for patients with major depressive disorder may include pharmacotherapy, depression-focused psychotherapy, the combination of medications and psychotherapy, or other somatic therapies such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), or light therapy. The treatment chosen should depend on the severity of symptoms, other illnesses or stressors present, patient and doctor preference, and past treatment outcomes. In their study of depressed patients, Budd, James, & Hughes (2008) found that patients felt Cognitive Behavioral Therapy helped them more than any other therapy. Pharmacotherapy Antidepressant medication is generally the first treatment recommended for depression. Some of the first drugs used to treat depression were tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), such as Elavil. They affect the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin. They are used less often because of side effects. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), such as Narwal, were also used in early treatments for patients with treatment resistant depression. Because of food interactions and the need for dietary restrictions, these medications are also used less often. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as Prozac, work by increasing the amount of the neurotransmitter serotonin available to the brain. Seratonin and Norepinephrin reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as Effexor, increase the amount of serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmitters that can be used by the brain. Mirtazapine, a brand name is Remora, is a non-adrenegic and specific serotonergic antidepressant. Buproprion, found in the brand Wellbutrin, is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. All of these drugs may be used in the treatment of depression. (NIMH) Psychotherapy Psychotherapy, sometimes referred to as talk therapy, educates a patient about mental illness and provides tools, or strategies, to improve the patient’s mental health, as well as social functioning. There are several different types of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy for Major Depression is usually used in conjunction with medication. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Developed by Aaron Beck in the 1960’s, CBT helps the patient understand how thoughts can influence behavior. CBT helps a person focus on his or her current problems and how to solve them. The patient learns how to identify distorted or unhelpful thinking patterns, recognize and change inaccurate beliefs, relate to others in more positive ways, and change behaviors accordingly. (NIMH) Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) Interpersonal Psychotherapy was developed in the 1980’s, by Gerald Kerman and Myrna Weissman, to treat depression. (Markowitz & Weissman, 2012) Mood, and it’s relation to social circumstances, is examined, and the patient learns how to react positively to negative circumstances. It is time limited and has been proven to be an effective treatment for depression. (Markowitz & Weitzman, 2012) Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) Similar to CBT, Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy focuses on changing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems. The therapy was developed by Albert Ellis, Ph. D. , in 1955. Ellis asserts, â€Å"It is largely our thinking about events that leads to emotional and behavioral upset. Working with the present in mind, the patient is encouraged to look at the negative thinking that leads to negative emotions and behaviors†. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy was developed by Drs. Zindel Segal, Mark Williams, and John Teasdale. It is an eight-session program based on eastern spirituality. Developed for use in preventing depression relapse, it focuses on the patient’s awareness of personal thought patterns and emotions. Knowing the ruminations and self-critical thinking that precedes depression, the patient is taught how to divert the depression. (American Psychological Association) Somatic Therapies Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Electrodes are placed on specific areas of the brain that stimulate the brain continuously through a pulse generator implanted under the skin. A long term follow up study by Kennedy and his colleagues (2011), found social functioning and physical health continued to improve for up to six years after the treatment. The response rate was high at 60%, and the remission rate was 30%, based on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. (Kennedy et al. , 2011) Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation was first used in a study for treatment of depression in 1993, and approved by the FDA in 2008. The neural pathway, from the frontal cortex of the brain to the limbic area, is stimulated. This pathway is believed to be deficient in depressed patients. A pulsating, alternating magnetic field above the scalp sends an electric current through the brain. The electrical current flows to the cortex, depolarizing neurons, and sends signals to the limbic region. This procedure is preformed while the patient is awake. It produces minor twitches, has few side effects, and is non-invasive. The study I read showed a 65% improvement in symptoms. (George & Post, 2011) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, is usually used on treatment-resistant depression. A seizure is produced by an electrical shock to the brain. This shock changes the chemical balance in the brain. A patient generally has several procedures a week at first. Procedures are reduced to once a week and then once a month. The amount of ECT needed varies with each person. Memory loss and other cognitive effects sometimes occur, but usually diminish with time. (National Institute of Mental Health) It is important that a skilled Psychiatrist perform the procedure because the effectiveness of the treatment depends on the accuracy of the physician’s skills. (Lisanby, 2007) Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) Vagus nerve stimulation sends electrical pulses from a surgically implanted generator in the chest to the vagus nerve. Every few seconds a pulse runs through the nerve to the part of the brain that is thought to effect mood. (NIMH) Complimentary and Alternative Therapies The National Institute of Mental Health also lists St. John’s wort, S-adenosyl methionine (sometimes called SAMe), omega-3 fatty acids, light therapy, and acupuncture as complimentary and alternative therapies. Botox has also been studied as a treatment for depression, with the theory that suppressing frowning in a depressed person can decrease the depression. (Kruger, T. H. C. , et al. , 2012) 4. Theory and Treatment Links Cognitive Theory and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy a) Etiology Maintenance of depression by negative, automatic thoughts, and withdrawing from others, is the basis for Cognitive Theory. In Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for depression, the client is taught to replace negative cognitive thoughts and behaviors with positive ones. Sterling Moorey (2010) developed a maintenance model of depression with six cycles depicted as a â€Å"vicious flower†. It is a tool to help clients understand depression: what causes it, and how it is maintained, as well as cognitive and behavioral changes to ameliorate it. The links between Cognitive Theory and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can be seen clearly in the model as described below. b) Dynamics Testing negative thoughts and beliefs replaces automatic negative thinking. Problem solving and developing compassion replaces ruminating and self-attacks. Mood recognition replaces mood/emotions. Becoming physically active, and taking one step at a time, replaces withdrawal and avoidance. Experimenting with helpful behaviors replaces unhelpful behaviors. Motivation and physical symptoms are replaced by taking care of oneself and exercising. (Moorey, 2010) A link between Cognitive Theory and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, is demonstrated when exercise is used as a treatment for depression. Exercise engages the patient mentally and physically. It changes behavior, increases health, and encourages interaction with others. It is positive change that can be used for intervention and prevention. (Martinson, 2008) c) Motivation for Change Cognitive Theory of Depression asserts that dysfunctional and negative beliefs about self causes and maintains depression. Gaining a positive self image based on cognitive behavioral changes will enable a depressed person to participate in, and enjoy life. Looking at difficulties and life events from a positive perspective, allows one to believe success is possible, and behave accordingly. Symbolic Interaction Theory and Interpersonal Therapy a. Etiology Looking at events from a dysfunctional and negative view, based on our interactions with others, perpetuates negative thoughts and feelings, according to the Symbolic Theory of Major Depressive Disorder. This was demonstrated in a study by Vranceanu, Gallo, and Bogart (2009). They found that women with depressed symptomatology reported more negative personal interactions and less positive support, than women who were not depressed. The negative reactions the depressed women received, may serve as reinforcers for dysfunctional beliefs. (p. 468) Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) links mood to the clients circumstances, helping the client to understand what triggers the depression. Often, negative circumstances involve a relationship, or some event that involves the client’s interpersonal functioning. (Markowitz and Weissman, 2012) Liverant, Kamholz, Sloan, & Brown (2011), showed there is a correlation between rumination and other forms of emotional suppression, such as avoidance and withdrawal. They found the more often emotional suppression was used, particularly rumination, the greater the intensity of sadness. b. Dynamics The negative thoughts and feelings the client has perceived from interactions with others, as well as personal relationship problems, are evaluated by the therapist. IPT is time-limited, and solution based. The therapist is understanding, supportive, and encouraging. Emotional acceptance of negative experiences may serve as a tool to reduce rumination, thus decreasing the symptoms of depression. (Liverant, et al. 2011) Interpersonal skills are taught so clients can learn to interact with others in more positive ways. c. Motivation for Change Motivation for change in both Symbolic Interaction Theory and Interpersonal Therapy is a return to a positive mood, the ability to enjoy life, and to interact with others in a positive way. Negative, dysfunctional beliefs attained through interaction with others, as demonstrated in Symbolic Interaction Theory, can b e changed by learning person skills to interact more positively with others, thus providing positive response and reducing depression.

Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company and Sun Cellular

1. What are the factors that contributed to URC' s success? Some of the factors that contributed URC's success are: Being innovative and aggressive frontrunner in the snack food industry. Its products can be found in virtually every household across the country, with market shares indicating that one out of every two modern snack products enjoyed by Filipino consumers is a URC offering. The secret behind URC's success is the EXCELLENT VALUE that its products provide consumers. URC products offer consumers world class quality at affordable prices.Using only state-of-the-art equipment and stringent manufacturing standards, the company is also well on its way to obtaining ISO 9002 Certification for all its plants. 2. Analyzed the growing market base in Asia. How did Gokongwei take advantage of it? Gokongwei take advantage the growing market base in Asia by producing innovative products but at the same time cheaper than the other products in the market. Gokongwei also provide goods that basically needed by the consumer. As his early life as a teen, Gokongwei learned that basic need are the best product that the demand will never cease.Also he offered fresh products that the other company didn't offer. With this strategy invading the growing Asia market is possible. 3. Based on Gokongwei words of wisdom, how can the Philippines compete globally? â€Å" I am 81 today. But I do not forget the little boy that I was in the palengke in Cebu. I still believe in family. I still want to make good. I still don’t mind going up against those older and better than me. I still believe hard work will not fail me. And I still believe in people willing to think the same way.Through the years, the market place has expanded: between cities, between countries, between continents. I want to urge you all here to think bigger. Why serve 86 million when you can sell to four billion Asians? And that’s just to start you off. Because there is still the world beyond Asia. When you go back to your offices, think of ways to sell and market your products and services to the world. Create world-class brands. You can if you really tried. I did. As a boy, I sold peanuts from my backyard. Today, I sell snacks to the world.I want to see other Filipinos do the same. † Based on Gokongweis' words of wisdom, to able for the Philippines to compete globally, we Filipino must not be afraid to take the challenge of competing against multinationals compny or bigger competitors. For us not to be aeaten by larger competitors we must make sure we came prepared with great products and great strategies. We ended up changing the rules of the game instead. 4. Are there hindrances for the Philippines inability to have it's own global branch? Explain.Yes, there’s always an opportunity everyday passes our lives but ignore them as we don’t like of doing it because of PRIDE and FEAR. it is always printed in our mind that every time we saw something different we al ways ignore them as it is not our line of profession or simply saying its against our pride or just fear of doing it. if only we have the same determination and willingness to reach our goal just like Sir Gokongwei, then we are far more successful than any other countries. i knew that this is a life changing story and i hope that we all use it.I myself has a lot to work out specially my ATTITUDE. the attitude of wasting TIME. i have a lot of goals in life but did nothing to get them until time passes by and forgot them. if only i valued my time then i’m sure i would be now a somebody person. but its not yet late. starting immediately, ill make something different for my self. something that i can be proud of someday when my hair became grey†¦ and has a story to tell to my grandchildren. ITS NEVER LATE TO BE A SUCCESSFUL PERSON, just work it out.At the end, it is only you who will reap them all. don’t mind about the failure, as they say it is always â€Å"trial an d error†, and always say it to your self † at least i tried†. but never stop from there. as from failure you will learn the best wisdom in life, and from wisdom can have the best weapon to fight the battle, and through your best weapon you will have a big chances to win. then you will have a story to tell†¦ who knows you might will become part of the business history. 5. Identify Gokongwei's entrepreneurship traits which made him successful.Gokongwei's entrepreneurship traits made him successful are: Self-determination This self-made entrepreneur is not afraid to become a second mover. He loves to offer an alternative from the number 1 company offering products and services like in telecommunications (SUN Cellular), real estate (Robinsons Land), and airline (Cebu Pacific). He doesn’t like mixing politics and business. He doesn’t like being very close to government. Because according to him, wealth that’s based purely on politics cannot be sustained. He thinks outside the envelope.Like Henry Sy Sr. and Andrew Tan, John Gokongwei Jr. thinks outside the envelope because he started his businesses from scratch. There’s no baggage and no tradition to follow. 6. Make a research on the acquisition of sun cellular by PLDT. Make your comments. PLDT buys majority stake of Sun Cellular The biggest IT story of the day is PLDT’s acquisition of Digitel which operates Sun Celluar, the 3rd largest telco player in the Philippines. PLDT, which owns Smart Comm. , becomes a much bigger operator and strengthening it’s number 1 spot in the country.The Philippine Long Distance Telephone company announced today its acquisition of Digital Telecommunications Philippines, Inc. (Digitel) from JG Summit amounting to Php74. 1 billion or 51. 55% shares in exchange of new PLDT assets worth 2,500 per share. Digitel, which owns Sun Cellular, announced that under the new leadership the paired networks will continue to the expansion of broadband rollout and other next generation technologies in both fixed and wired services. PLDT says Sun Cellular will remain a separate entity and retain the brand.Smart already surpassed 45 million subscribers in 2010 while Sun Cellular, which has over 16 million subs, was already inching closer to Globe Telecom (26. 5 million). Smart’s rapid growth and expansion requires more wider frequency and that might have prompted the Sun Cellular buy-out. At the same time, Sun Cellular has become a large player in terms of post-paid subscribers (even the first one to reach 1 million). Meanwhile, Smart has only around 500k postpaid subscribers while Globe has around 900k.From having 3 large celco players, we now have just 2 — Smart at far #1 and Globe at a minority #2. COMMENT: This strategy that PLDT done is what we called Globalization, since the market for networks are now vast where there are various networks competing with each other,companies now have to buy another network. To maintain quality and competitive pricing, PLDT have redesigned their organizational structures and strategically buy the competing netwoork such as Sun cellular to lessen the competitors in the industry. Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company and Sun Cellular 1. What are the factors that contributed to URC' s success?Some of the factors that contributed URC's success are:Being innovative and aggressive frontrunner in the snack food industry. Its products can be found in virtually every household across the country, with market shares indicating that one out of every two modern snack products enjoyed by Filipino consumers is a URC offering. The secret behind URC's success is the EXCELLENT VALUE that its products provide consumers. URC products offer consumers world class quality at affordable prices. Using only state-of-the-art equipment and stringent manufacturing standards, the company is also well on its way to obtaining ISO 9002 Certification for all its plants.2. Analyzed the growing market base in Asia. How did Gokongwei take advantage of it?Gokongwei take advantage the growing market base in Asia by producing innovative products but at the same time cheaper than the other products in the market. Gokongwei also provide goods that bas ically needed by the consumer. As his early life as a teen, Gokongwei learned that basic need are the best product that the demand will never cease. Also he offered fresh products that the other company didn't offer. With this strategy invading the growing Asia market is possible.3. Based on Gokongwei words of wisdom, how can the Philippines compete globally?â€Å" I am 81 today. But I do not forget the little boy that I was in the palengke in Cebu. I still believe in family. I still want to make good. I still don’t mind going up against those older and better than me. I still believe hard work will not fail me. And I still believe in people willing to think the same way. Through the years, the market place has expanded: between cities, between countries, between continents. I want to urge you  all here to think bigger. Why serve 86 million when you can sell to four billion Asians? And that’s just to start you off.Because there is still the world beyond Asia. When y ou go back to your offices, think of ways to sell and market your products and services to the world. Create world-class brands. You can if you really tried. I did. As a boy, I sold peanuts from my backyard. Today, I sell snacks to the world. I want to see other Filipinos do the same.† Based on Gokongweis' words of wisdom, to able for the Philippines to compete globally, we Filipino must not be afraid to take the challenge of competing against multinationals compny or bigger competitors. For us not to be aeaten by larger competitors we must make sure we came prepared with great products and great strategies. We ended up changing the rules of the game instead.4. Are there hindrances for the Philippines inability to have it's own global branch? Explain.Yes, there’s always an opportunity everyday passes our lives but ignore them as we don’t like of doing it because of PRIDE and FEAR. it is always printed in our mind that every time we saw something different we alwa ys ignore them as it is not our line of profession or simply saying its against our pride or just fear of doing it. if only we have the same determination and willingness to reach our goal just like Sir Gokongwei, then we are far more successful than any other countries. i knew that this is a life changing story and i hope that we all use it. i myself has a lot to work out specially my ATTITUDE.The attitude of wasting TIME. i have a lot of goals in life but did nothing to get them until time passes by and forgot them. if only i valued my time then i’m sure i would be now a somebody person. but its not yet late. starting immediately, ill make something different for my self. something that i can be proud of someday when my hair became grey†¦ and has a story to tell to my grandchildren. ITS NEVER LATE TO BE A SUCCESSFUL PERSON, just work it out. at the end, it is only you who will reap them all.Don’t mind about the failure, as they say it is always â€Å"trial and error†, and always say it to your self † at least i tried†. but never stop from there. as from failure you will learn the best wisdom in life, and from wisdom can have the best weapon to fight the battle, and through your best  weapon you will have a big chances to win. then you will have a story to tell†¦ who knows you might will become part of the business history.5. Identify Gokongwei's entrepreneurship traits which made him successful.Gokongwei's entrepreneurship traits made him successful are:Self-determinationThis self-made entrepreneur is not afraid to become a second mover. He loves to offer an alternative from the number 1 company offering products and services like in telecommunications (SUN Cellular), real estate (Robinsons Land), and airline (Cebu Pacific). He doesn’t like mixing politics and business. He doesn’t like being very close to government. Because according to him, wealth that’s based purely on politics cannot be su stained. He thinks outside the envelope. Like Henry Sy Sr. and Andrew Tan, John Gokongwei Jr. thinks outside the envelope because he started his businesses from scratch. There’s no baggage and no tradition to follow.6. Make a research on the acquisition of sun cellular by PLDT. Make your comments.PLDT buys majority stake of Sun CellularThe biggest IT story of the day is PLDT’s acquisition of Digitel which operates Sun Celluar, the 3rd largest telco player in the Philippines. PLDT, which owns Smart Comm., becomes a much bigger operator and strengthening it’s number 1 spot in the country. The Philippine Long Distance Telephone company announced today its acquisition of Digital Telecommunications Philippines, Inc. (Digitel) from JG Summit amounting to Php74.1 billion or 51.55% shares in exchange of new PLDT assets worth 2,500 per share. Digitel, which owns Sun Cellular, announced that under the new leadership the paired networks will continue to the expansion of br oadband rollout and other next generation technologies in both fixed and wired services. PLDT says Sun Cellular will remain a separate entity and retain the brand.Smart already surpassed 45 million subscribers in 2010 while Sun Cellular, which has over  16 million subs, was already inching closer to Globe Telecom (26.5 million). Smart’s rapid growth and expansion requires more wider frequency and that might have prompted the Sun Cellular buy-out. At the same time, Sun Cellular has become a large player in terms of post-paid subscribers (even the first one to reach 1 million). Meanwhile, Smart has only around 500k postpaid subscribers while Globe has around 900k. From having 3 large celco players, we now have just 2 — Smart at far #1 and Globe at a minority #2.COMMENT:This strategy that PLDT done is what we called Globalization, since the market for networks are now vast where there are various networks competing with each other,companies now have to buy another netwo rk. To maintain quality and competitive pricing, PLDT have redesigned their organizational structures and strategically buy the competing netwoork such as Sun cellular to lessen the competitors in the industry.

The Differences Between Neanderthals and Modern Human Beings

The Neanderthals seem to have largely disappeared around 25,000 years ago, but the precise explanation for their disappearance remains something of a mystery. A number of different theories have emerged, some mutually exclusive, some not, but all of them draw upon substantial archeological, anthropological, and biological evidence. Researchers have variously proposed that Neanderthals were the victims of genocide at the hands of modern humans, died out due to some kind of plague or epidemic, or went extinct because they could not cope with climatic shifts. While none of these can be conclusively proven or disproven, one can at least begin to assign certain degrees of likelihood to each hypothesis. Upon examining a variety of these theories regarding the extinction of the Neanderthals, it becomes clear that in all likelihood, the Neanderthals disappeared not due to any single cause, but rather from susceptibility to climate change coupled with conflict, disease, and interbreeding. To begin this study, it will be useful to start with a brief discussion of the major differences between Neanderthals and modern humans, because as will be seen, these differences may have a played a key role in their eventual extinction. Neanderthals were not the brutish, ape-like creatures they are often depicted as in popular media, but they did have some noticeable anatomical differences from modern humans. In general they were stockier with shorter, more powerful limbs, but these limbsShow MoreRelatedThe Extinction Of The Neanderthals1742 Words   |  7 Pagesof the coexistence and the potential interaction between the last Neanderthal and the earliest intrusive populations of anatomically modern humans in Europe has been a topic of debate. The extinction of the Neanderthals occurred during the latter part of the last glaciation which was characterized by a rapidly changing climate, cold conditions and corresponding vegetation and faunal turnover. 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In GermanRead MoreDarwinistic Theory of Evolution: Neanderthals vs. Humans Essay680 Words   |  3 Pagesevolved from primates and then, by following the Darwinistic theory of evolution, Neanderthals, when in fact they all evolved alongside each other, sharing common ancestors rather than directly coming from one another. This then lead to similarities in the DNA as well to the high probability that there was interbreeding between the species; phylogenic tree mappings of the mitochondrial DNA of numero us different modern humans from around the world as well as the mtDNA of an assortment of Homo neanderthalensisRead MoreEvolution Of The Fossil Record900 Words   |  4 Pagesobserve the changes among different homo genus, as they evolved over time becoming what we now know as the modern human (Fossil Record, 2015). The fossil record not only organizes the sequential generations that have changed over time to adapt better to their environments, but it also provides a time line to how homo sapiens came to exist (Fossil Record, 2015). Through careful analysis of the human fossil record, characteristics in the skull such as the brow ridge, brain size, cranial capacity, dentitionRead MoreWhat Are Homo Sapiens?964 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are Homo sapiens? Homo sapiens are the only existing human species left on earth evolving since about 160,000 year ago. Homo sapiens is the complete modern humans Homo is the human genus. Which also includes Homo erectus and Neanderthals plus many ot her extinct species of hominid family. According to â€Å"most Paleoanthropologists agree that Homo erectus evolved into Homo sapiens.† (171). The Paleolithic period is a big part of human evolution, it is broken up into three different measures lower

Facts, Fiction and Comparison and Contrast Essay Topics List

Facts, Fiction and Comparison and Contrast Essay Topics List The One Thing to Do for Comparison and Contrast Essay Topics List There are a number of methods in which you can make certain that their thesis is deemed top notch. To put it simply, compare and contrast method to analyze and find the similarities and differences between both topics. In a lot of sections of text's key body you are supposed to demonstrate different contrast or compare points. There are two common strategies to compose the composition. The instance is India that is democracy not republic. Beowulf and Churchill, however, are a lot more different heroes than it may appear to be. Third try to come up with the most important point of your argument. There are many groups which are under the umbrella of evangelical. In the span of obtaining an education, students must deal with distinct tasks and overcome many challenges of different complexity. My college instructional pursuits. There's, obviously, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. The pen is actually a fascinating device. Using our professional essay writing service, you obtain a range of free services including absolutely free revisions, absolutely free cover page and outline, completely free formatting upon request, absolutely free editing, and totally free essay shipping. You've got an entire collection of things to compare. The tips below will make sure that the thesis written is of high quality. For instance, something as easy as adding new info on your internet site creates another selling opportunity when prospects and customers go to your website to find the new info. There are lots of hints and methods to assist you in capturing a reader's interest. Additionally, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask them to make corrections. Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire cheap essay rather than writing it themselves. Homeschool high school students will be certain to delight in some of this week's lighthearted topics. Students that need over a list of good topics may hire professional academic writers online to acquire the maximum grade with no distinctive efforts. Start looking for the best ideas shared by the best students in the lists below. Citations and extracts from assorted sources have to be formatted properly. Inside this paper, it's appropriate to use easily comparable subjects. Take a look at our compare and contrast essay samples to observe how to compose essays of this sort by yourself. In these instances, you should compose an essay or report to go over your ideas about the subject. You're able to attract books, movies or articles which are discussing exactly the same topic you're likely to approach in your essay. This informative article puts more focus on subjects and topic for these kinds of essays since without a great subject, you could end up getting stuck and need to start over and over again. Emphasize the thesis and say the reason why this topic is crucial. Writing an excellent essay might be a bit of cake if you're feeling inspired. Before you start to compare the 2 subjects, research to acquire more knowledge on the topics you're writing about. Students learn how to analyze details about two subjects. While preparing the text, you will need to see that you should separate these 2 topics from one another. Most the topics utilized for writing process essays are associated with academics. There are various topics that one may use in writing process essays. This list deals with a number of the easy to write essay topics.

The Portrayal of Women in Things Fall Apart Essay

An image that comes of African women is usually a faceless and a voiceless being. There is always a tendency to look at them more or less than a slave. Chinua Achebe’s post-colonial novel, Things Fall Apart, do at some points of the novel support the case of the subjugated African women in the course of Okonkwo’s life through the practice of polygamy, paying bride price, and the atypical case of Okonkwo beating his wives at slight frustration. In Okonkwo’s eyes, women are mere property and the ones that keep a man sane. But, it is also through Okonkwo, we see women – mothers (Ekwefi), wives (Ojiugo), daughters (Ezinma), priestesses (Chielo, Ezeani) and goddesses (Ani) – who are revered and whose stature in the culture is paradoxical in†¦show more content†¦But when there is sorrow and bitterness he finds refuge in his motherland. Your mother is there to protect you†. Looking at the goddesses, Ani, the earth goddess, holds great power as she is the â€Å"source of all fertility†. â€Å"She was the ultimate judge of morality and conduct.† In Umuofia, before any crop is put earth, each person should â€Å"sacrifice a cock to Ani, the owner of all land.† Ani is model of the female force and she is superior to the male. Both the Week of Peace and the New Yam Festival is dedicated to her. When Okonkwo beats Ojiugo, his youngest wife, in the Week of Peace, Ezeani, the priestess of Ani, fined him with â€Å"one she-goat, one hen, a length of cloth and a hundred cowries for the purity of the land. Okonkwo† he respected the priestess even though she was woman and was â€Å"rependant† for his actions. To understand Okonkwo and his different interactions with women, one must look at his origins. Due to his father’s poverty and his debts, his whole life was to live opposite of him and thus, he was â€Å"dominated by fear, the fear of failure and of weakness†. After his father’s contemptible death, masculinity was a virtue that Okonkwo thrived on. He becomes a great wrestler as well as a warrior; he has a big farm, many wives, and has some of the highest titles in the clan. He believes he is embodiment of manhood. His fear of being weak outweighs every aspect of his life. He is not blind; he simply lacks the will to overcome his fearShow MoreRelatedThe Destruction Of Igbo Culture : The African Perspective1367 Words   |  6 Pagesadvancements of European culture. This narrow portrayal of African culture motivated Chinua Achebe, a man of the Igbo nation in Nigeria, to write his landmark novel Things Fall Apart (published in 1959), to not only tell the African per spective of their colonization, but also as a way of showing that his culture was not simple and straightforward to understand; it was intricate and dynamic. Forty-nine years after the publication of Things Fall Apart, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie published her short storyRead MoreAn Accurate Representation Of History1503 Words   |  7 Pagesan accurate portrayal of the historical event and significance. In the West African History portion of the class we learned about the women’s war. The women s war was a war against the women of Africa and colonialism. The women were tired of being oppressed and eventually fought back. Not only did the women fight back, they fought in a way that used their gender to empower themselves. While reading the novel Things Fall Apart written by Chinua Achebe we gain a perspective of how women were treatedRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1325 Words   |  6 PagesAlHababi Western Civilization 2 December 2, 2014 Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Thing Fall Apart, first published in 1958, is Chinua Achebe’s first and most acclaimed novel. Achebe illustrates an approving rendering of Nigerian and African tribal life prior to and subsequent to colonialism. Achebe presents various aspects of a native African community, including war, women mistreatment, violence and conflict, while maintaining a balance in social coherenceRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1130 Words   |  5 PagesBook Review: Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe wrote the fictional novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† based on a tribe located in an Ibo village in Nigeria. This story takes place in the era of colonization and imperialism except this time; it is from the viewpoint of the Africans. It is reasonable to say that Achebe’s work focuses around the unique protagonist, Okonkwo, and his beliefs along with how white men’s colonization impacted the African society. This novel can tie into our classes’ discussion withRead MoreImagery Throughout History Has Been A Big Factor In Creating1389 Words   |  6 Pagesmythology, paintings and movies as a way of conflict, to get a point across, or to tell a story. A big theme presented over time has been the ideologies of women and their role. Through time, we are able to see the way in which the roles of a female has been continuously constructed and reconstructed over and over again. This paper will look at the portrayal of femme fatale throughout history sh owing the lack of progression when it comes to gender stereotypes. The femme fatale is a mysterious, seductiveRead MoreThe Representation of Women in Much Ado About Nothing Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesRepresentation of Women in Much Ado About Nothing The female characters who are in the play are all present and involved in Act2 Scene1, which makes it the perfect situation to describe Shakespeares portrayal of women in Much Ado About Nothing. Hero can be easily compared with Beatrice being of a similar class and very close relatives. Then you have the characters of Margaret and Ursula, the servants, who are also very comparable and show a portrayal of women in lower classesRead MoreAchebe and Fanon on Colonization and Decolonization1400 Words   |  6 Pagescolonization and decolonization happens, and the resulting physical and mental effects on both groups of people. Telling this from a strictly historical and platonic standpoint he gives an accurate representation of how it works. Whereas in the novel Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe chronicles the life and times of an African family located in the lower Niger. The head of the family, which the story mostly follows, is highly respected by his fellow tribesman for his brute strength and warrior mentality. AchebeRead MoreThings Fall Apart Essay1042 Words   |  5 Pages Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe was wrote in 1958 as a response to European Literature viewing Africans as savages who were then enlightened and found peace and safety by the Europeans. Chinua describes the Igbo people and showed the culture and showing the way of life of the Igbo people. This book shows this powerful and eye opening look into the complex society of these tribes and villages and how law and order is run. The major theme that is I will focus is that traditional development ofRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe And William Shakespeare s The Tempest1417 Words   |  6 Pageson personal encounters Joseph Conrad uses Heart of Darkness to comment on the negative aspects of colonialism. Colonialism by definition is, â€Å"the policy and practice of a power in extending control over weaker peoples or areas.† In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and William Shakespeare’s play The Tempest, colonialism plays a significant role in the break down of humans. The conquerors in both stories disregard the natives believing that they are working towards the greater good of civilizationRead MoreThe Role of Women in Beowulf1137 Words   |  4 PagesThe Role of Women in Beowulf The women in Beowulf, which was written around 70 CE by an anonymous poet, fill many different roles, ranging from peacekeepers to wives and monsters, all of which are evidenced in the Queen Wealtheow, Queen Hygd, Hidleburh, and Grendel’s mother. The most prominent role of women throughout the poem is devoted wives and queens, which is reflected in the portrayal of Queen Wealtheow. When she is first introduced, Wealtheow â€Å"went on her rounds, queenly and dignified,

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Answer: Introduction Electronic health record is the system maintained by the Federal Government of the United States . The main aim of this health record is to serve the benefits to the common people of te country along with the healthcare providers. The maintenance of electronic health record facilitates integration of data and sharing data among health providers (Ahmad and Brosio2015). In order to develop the health care management system Australian Federal Government needs a design for the implementation of the system. This study discusses about the advantages and the challenges associated with the health care record management system. In order to develop the required architecture for the healthcare record, the enterprise reference architecture is required. This enterprise reference architecture delivers the design which includes the design for the different blocks exists in the health care management system. This designing of the blocks are done through the systematic approach and the logical implem entation described in the enterprise reference architecture. In order to implement the system this paper focuses on the logical implementation approach which can be achieved by the application of the enterprise information architecture. The structure discussed in this paper and the logic of following the structure is based on the reference of the enterprise reference architecture. This includes logical architecture and conceptual architecture. The architecture will also reflects the benefits of the reference model. The next section information management and integration includes component relationship diagram, component interaction diagram and operational model along with challenges for management and integration of data. EIA RA for eHealth Some of the advantages of following the model of enterprise information architecture and reference architecture in the implementation of the health care record management system has been discussed through the impacts of the health record system in the following domain. Integration in enterprise- The EIA RA provides benefits to ensure interaction among enterprise entities to achieve electronic health record systems objective. The enterprise integration can be achieved in various ways and in various levels. These approaches are as follows: physical integration, application integration and business integration (Bussler2013). The physical integration includes interconnection of connecting machines and devices. The application integration involves integration of database systems and software applications. The business integration includes monitoring, managing and controlling of business processes. The other integration approach is enterprise integration to achieve consistent decision making for enterprise. Enterprise interoperability- The enterprise information architecture allows to store the relevant information in the various locations of the system indifferent formats such as database formats and conflicting formats. These provides that two systems are able to understand and to use each others functionality (Chang 2016). The Enterprise interoperability helps to interact, exchange and provide services between information systems. The three levels at the system those get advantages from it are the service process and the data. Data domains- This helps to provide accurate truth from a specific source and correct information at the right time to central services of eHealth (Charter and Tischner2017). The main advantage of using the data domain is that it allows the single approach the the data service related t the master data, metadata along with the unstructured contetnt of the information and the operational data. The integration provided by the enterprise information delivers management and integration of the central service. Interaction and Information systems- The interaction of the information system delivers the functionality by managing the internal and external staffs and using the channels and the services for the presentation of the system. Conceptual form of architecture This level of the architecture helps to define the security of the electronic health record system. The effectiveness of the conceptual part also defines the relevance of the helath record in delivering its objective. In order to develop the health record system the architecture follows the concepts provided by the enterprise architecture. The architecture overview diagram is the architecture through which eHealth can be determined to develop electronic health record system (Giachetti2016). The building block for the development of the required architecture has been discussed through the diagram mentioned below. The diagram shows the different components present in the system and the relationship among those systems. The building block described in the figure will help to get the overall overview of the architecture requires for the e-health record. The below diagram shows eHealth systems as a single entity that mainly concentrates on customer and health providers aspects. The leadership/governance is the layer in building blocks which is the primary requirement for the development of electronic health record system. The final outcome shows that electronic health record system development will help to improve health sector (Laudon and Laudon 2016). The discussion will be followed by the overview of the architecture regarding the diagram which is based on the building blocks. The overview diagram of the architecture of the proposed system shows the different components and their relationship along with the significance of the structure in order to deliver the accurate health record system. The architecture overview diagram is essential for determining the functional capabilities of any sector. The architecture overview diagram is formulated according to requirement of a sector. The determination of the functionality of the entities and the components present in the system can be evaluated through the overview of the diagram. The diagram regarding the overview of the architecture of the system includes the process of interaction and the presentation of the existing service. The data services for the development of electronic health record are given and the services integration consists of security and privacy services. The electronic health record system development for Australian federal Government describes the following functional capabilities to achiev e goals and objectives of the system. The first goal is to improve patient safety and to provide them a more secure and safe environment. The second goal is to provide efficient and effective services for health care to patients. The third goal is to facilitate management of sensitive data of patients, healthcare provider and doctors. The fourth goal is to facilitate integration of data and sharing of data securely among the healthcare providers. Logical form of Architecture The feasible development can be delivered by the e-health record system can be presented by the logical architecture and the functionality of the components. The major attributes and the their functionality helps to develop the logical view of the components provided in the electronic health record. The intended groups, framework modelers and engineers, are related with this diagram that helps to develop the entities for this diagram. The logical presentation of the diagram mentioned in the paper gives the description of the significance of the requirements in the system. The necessities related with the end entities/users requirements are given in the diagram to depict the functions and operation required to develop electronic health record system (Schwalbe 2015). The development of electronic health record uses enterprise data warehouse to broadcast and input the integral data for overall operation of electronic health record. This part of the enterprise architecture defines the requirements, planning and the significance of the data warehousing in the enterprise architecture. The main target of logical view diagram is to achieve the required goals for healthcare providers along with Federal Australia Government objectives for developing electronic health records. Diagram of Component Relationship The component relationship diagram shows the relationships among different components of requirements that are necessary to develop electronic health record system. The electronic health record system development requires various components and they are described through the given diagram (Stein and Morrison 2014). The components presented in the component relationship diagram can be easily figured out by the system developer, to understand the required functionality and operation process of the system to develop electronic health record. The given diagram is the outcome of combining logical view and architectural overview diagram which presents the connection of different components within the information system. The diagram that represents the interaction system between the components in the e-health record system has been provided in this paper. The components and the information provided in the diagram indicates the necessary steps for achieving the interactions between the components. These information is helpful for achieving the goals of the e-health record system. The presentation of the geographic distribution of the different nodes rae presented in the operational model. The diagram based on component model discussed in the previous section and it is formulated after the component model formulation. The operational model breaks the components into functional and non-featured components that are further used to convey the development of the system so that it can be appropriate with the requirement of clients (Whetzel and Wheaton 2016). The main objective off the operational model is to showcase the different operational functionalities associated with the e-health record system. It also showcases the possible outcome of this model against the given data. Some of the factors for the development of the electronic health record system are the head office, disaster recovery management of the front office and the back office associated with the system. Challenges in the System The challenges that are posed for data integration are given as follows. Barriers to implement electronic health record-The barriers to implement electronic health record system are various ranging from budget to deployment to security. The high budget to deploy and maintain with uncertainty in outcome poses the primary challenge. The other barriers are privacy and security where there is a risk of data breach. Barriers to learn the system and services- The understanding and learning factors is also a challenge where lack of knowledge about the system will hinder its deployment. The healthcare providers and patients, if lack knowledge of using electronic healthcare systems, they may see it as a challenge (Arndtet al.2017). The learning challenge will hinder participation of healthcare providers and patients. Barriers because of easy use- The electronic health record system may or may not provide expected health information delivery automatically. The stakeholders are generally unwilling to use the system due to unfamiliarity to the electronic health record system or some other reasons. Electronic health record system interoperability-The patients receiving treatment at two very different places will pose a challenge (Jamoom, Yang and Hing 2016.). The challenge to provide care for patients-centered is the main hindrance in deployment of electronic health record system. Reporting quality- The main challenge of the health care record management is regarding the interoperability. It also includes the quality measurement and managing the engagement of the patients. The quality reporting of information from electronic health record system are issue related to the certain strategies and the challenges associated with the strategies in the electronic health record system. Strategies those can be implemented The below are the strategies for the challenges posed by the electronic health record system development. Involvement of executive management and implementing efficient and effective controls and measures. Assuring of sufficient resources and components devoting to the project for better development and deployment of electronic health record system. Utilizing phased implementation for projects before its beginning and all the phases must be negotiated. Choosing effective vendor and vendor scope to provide help in developing electronic health record system. The changes are necessary and hence, to deal with the changes preparation is required. The prior planning for managing the changes of work flows due to electronic health record system is necessary. Conclusion The study shows about the implementation of the health record system using enterprise architecture. The proposes system is developed by the enterprise information architecture. The diagrams provided in the paper gives a clear description between the different components of the system. The main objective of using the enterprise architecture in the development of the health care record system is to deliver the sustainable outcome. It can be said that the of the accurate heat care record keeping system will have positive impact on the society. The different diagrams helps to provide different illustration of components, entities and relationships among the components and entities.The challenges and strategies to overcome these challenges are also provided. Therefore, it can be concluded that there are challenges with the development of electronic health record system and it should be managed with proper strategies. Recommendations for the improvisation Effective suggestions can be provided in order to improve the proposed process for the development of the health care record system. Some of these suggestions are- Leadership- The leadership plays an important role in successful implementation of HER system where effective leaders should be there to help in deploying the system. Identifying a project manager- A project manager should be there to manage the deployment and implementation of the system because it is the crucial part. Raising awareness- The awareness of electronic health record system must be raised and enthusiasm must be encouraged for the system among the participants. Staff training- The training of staff as well as patients should also be incorporated to make them aware and acknowledged about the system and its uses for better facilitation. Utilizing accurate resources- The accurate resources should be utilized for the deployment of electronic health record system because it is important to deploy an efficient and effective system. References Ahmad, E. and Brosio, G. eds., 2015.Handbook of Multilevel Finance. Edward Elgar Publishing. Andrus, M.R., Forrester, J.B., Germain, K.E. and Eiland, L.S., 2015. Accuracy of pharmacy benefit manager medication formularies in an electronic health record system and the Epocrates mobile application.Journal of managed care specialty pharmacy,21(4), pp.281-286. Arndt, B.G., Beasley, J.W., Watkinson, M.D., Temte, J.L., Tuan, W.J., Sinsky, C.A. and Gilchrist, V.J., 2017. Tethered to the EHR: primary care physician workload assessment using EHR event log data and time-motion observations.The Annals of Family Medicine,15(5), pp.419-426. Buede, D.M. and Miller, W.D., 2016.The engineering design of systems: models and methods. John Wiley Sons. Bussler, C., 2013.B2B integration: Concepts and architecture. Springer Science Business Media. Chang, J.F., 2016.Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. Charter, M. and Tischner, U. eds., 2017.Sustainable solutions: developing products and services for the future. Routledge. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E. eds., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Giachetti, R.E., 2016.Design of enterprise systems: Theory, architecture, and methods. CRC Press. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Jamoom, E., Yang, N. and Hing, E., 2016.Adoption of certified electronic health record systems and electronic information sharing in physician offices: United States, 2013 and 2014. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2016.Management information system. Pearson Education India. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Stein, B. and Morrison, A., 2014. The enterprise data lake: Better integration and deeper analytics.PwC Technology Forecast: Rethinking integration,1, pp.1-9. Whetzel, D.L. and Wheaton, G.R. eds., 2016.Applied measurement: industrial psychology in human resources management. Routledge.

PBS Sorting People Assignment

‘Race’ is the word commonly used to describe any group of people with similar characteristics. According to the PBS’ ‘Race: The Power of Illusion’, race and racial groups are two different things. In the early days, whites were considered a race while African Americans were viewed as a racial group.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on PBS Sorting People Assignment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This shows the element of discrimination in the view of the whites. During the sorting activity, for example I only managed to get two of each category correct. I attribute this to the fact that I grouped the individuals based on their physical features that I could see on them. This goes to show that just by looking at the visible physical features; one cannot accurately determine another person’s race. My definition of race is a group of people who after living together for a period of time, are able to integrate each other’s individual cultures into theirs and be comfortable with them. In the sorting people exercise, skin color cannot be an effective indicator of race because for example, the ‘medium light’ shade if skin color is present throughout all the races, and dark skin tone was present in the one of the Asian subject who conventionally, is perceived to all be light skinned. This means that a person with medium light skin can belong to any of the races present in America and a dark skin tone does not necessarily mean that one is black. In addition, blood type is ineffective in classifying race because from the use of the blood type sorting activity, I found out that the blood types O and A, are present throughout all the races provided. In short, this would make use of blood type inaccurate in grouping people into races since one blood type may be present in all races and one another blood type may be isolated to a particula r race. Social construction in relation to race In America, there is a perceived sort of social order according to whichever race you are from. From the early days of slavery and settlement, the whites were always considered the top of the racial ladder. This notion was further affirmed by the fact that most slave owners were white and their slaves were black. This is still further compounded by the fact that the concept of races predates slavery. Before slavery, in America the people had grouped themselves into the whites and American Indians. That is before black slaves shipped in from Africa were added to the frayAdvertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many people view race as a socially constructed entity determined by underlying factors such as politics, social factors and economic factors. Their argument basically states that race is just but a social concept created b y people in order to justify things like wealth and social status without feeling guilty. Moreover, this led to the notion of hypo descent, which refers to the assigning of children of mixed union to a subordinate group, further emphasizes the presence of a social hierarchy of races. This goes to show that children born of mixed unions are not considered in the same light as children born of same race unions. All in all the concept of ‘race’ is one, which is created by the human urge to segregate themselves socially due to certain factors. This is in order to make themselves feel comfortable around people who they perceive to be of equal social stature such that things like racial discrimination have become part of our society because people view themselves as different or superior to another race based on the earlier stated political, economic and social factors. This research paper on PBS Sorting People Assignment was written and submitted by user Taraji Michael to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.